2. Chao, A. and Tigner, M., eds., Handbook of Accelerator Physics and Engineering, River Edge, NJ: World Scientific, 1999. (ISBN: 981-02-3858-4)

3. Chattopadhyay, S., et al., eds., Advanced Accelerator Concepts: Seventh Workshop, Lake Tahoe, CA, October 12-18, 1996, American Institute of Physics, 1997. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 398) (ISBN: 1-56396-697-2)*

4. Chattopadhyay, S., et al., eds., Nonlinear and Collective Phenomena in Beam Physics-1998 ICFA Workshop, Archidosso, Italy, September 1-5, 1998, American Institute of Physics, 1999. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 468) (ISBN: 1-56396-862-2)*

5. Colestock, P. and Kelley, S., eds., Advanced Accelerator Concepts Workshop, Santa Fe, NM, June 10-16, 2000, American Institute of Physics, 2001. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 569) (ISBN: 0-7354-0005-9)*

6. Duggan, J. L. and Morgan, I. L., eds., Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry: Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on the Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry, Denton, TX, November 4-7, 1998, 2 Vols., New York: American Institute of Physics, 1999. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 475) (ISBN: 1-56396-825-8)*

7. Gallardo, J. C., ed., "Beam Dynamics and Technology Issues for ^{+ -} Colliders," 9th Advanced ICFA Beam Dynamics Workshop, Montauk, NY, October 15-20, 1995, New York: American Institute of Physics Press, 1995. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 372) (ISBN: 1-56396-554-2)*

8. Hettel, R. O., et al., eds., Beam Instrumentation Workshop, Stanford, CA, May 3-7, 1998, American Institute of Physics, 1998. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 451) (ISBN: 1-56396-794-4)*

9. Jacobs, K. and Sibley III, R., eds., Beam Instrumentation Workshop 2000: Ninth Workshop, Cambridge, MA, May 8-11, 2000, American Institute of Physics, 2000. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 546) (ISBN: 1-56396-975-0)*

10. Kurokawa, S. et al., eds., Beam Measurement: Proceedings of the Joint US-CERN-Japan-Russia School on Particle Accelerators, Montreux and CERN, Switzerland, May 11-20, 1998, River Edge, NJ: World Scientific, 1999. (ISBN: 981-02-3881-9)

11. Kurokawa, S. et al., eds., Frontiers of Accelerator Technology: Proceedings of the Joint US-CERN-Japan International School, Maui, HI, November 3-9, 1994, River Edge, NJ: World Scientific, 1996. (ISBN: 981-02-2537-7)

12. Lawson, W., et al., eds., Advanced Accelerator Concepts: Eighth Workshop, Baltimore, MD, July 6-11, 1998, American Institute of Physics, 1999. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 472) (ISBN: 1-56396-794-4)*

13. Lee, S. Y., Accelerator Physics, River Edge, NJ: World Scientific, 1999. (ISBN: 981-02-3710-3)

14. Lee, S. Y., ed., Space Charge Dominated Beams and Applications of High Brightness Beams, Bloomington, IN, October 10-13, 1995, American Institute of Physics, 1996. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 377) (ISBN: 1-56396-625-5)*

15. Luccio, A. and MacKay, W., eds., Proceedings of the 1999 Particle Accelerator Conference, New York, NY, March 27-April 2, 1999, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 1999. (ISBN: 0-7803-5575-X) (IEEE Catalogue No. 99CH36366) (Available from the IEEE Service Center, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331. Telephone 800-678-4333)

16. Parsa, Z., ed., Future High Energy Colliders, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Santa Barbara, CA, October 21-25, 1996, American Institute of Physics, 1997. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 397) (ISBN: 1-56396-729-4)*

17. Parsa, Z., ed., New Modes of Particle Acceleration-Techniques and Sources, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Santa Barbara, CA, August 19-23, 1996, American Institute of Physics, 1997. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 396) (ISBN: 1-56396-728-6)*

18. Rosenzweig, J. and Serafini, L., eds., The Physics of High Brightness Beams: Proceedings of the 2nd ICFA Advanced Accelerator Workshop, Los Angeles, CA, November 9-12, 1999, River Edge, NJ: World Scientific, 2000. (ISBN: 981-02-4422-3)

19. Schoessow, P., ed., Advanced Accelerator Concepts, Fontana, WI, June 12-18, 1994, American Institute of Physics, 1995. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 335) (ISBN: 1-56396-476-7)*

20. Wurtele, J. S., ed., Advanced Accelerator Concepts Workshop, Port Jefferson, New York, June 14-20, 1992, American Institute of Physics, 1993. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 279) (ISBN: 1-56396-191-1)*

* Available from Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. Telephone: 800-809-2247 Fax: 201-348-4505 E-mail: orders@springer-ny.com Website: http://www.springer-ny.com

The Department of Energy (DOE) High Energy Physics program supports a broad research and development (R&D) effort in the science, engineering, and technology of charged particle accelerators, storage rings, and associated apparatus. Advanced R&D is needed in support of this program in (1) high gradient accelerator structures, (2) high peak power radio frequency (rf) technologies, and (3) new concepts for low-cost, very efficient, pulse power modulators. Relevance to applications in high energy physics must be explicitly described.

Advanced accelerator R&D more appropriate to applications in nuclear physics is specifically excluded from this topic and should be submitted under Topic 29. Grant applications that propose using resources of a third party (such as a DOE laboratory) must include, in the application, a letter of certification from an authorized official of that organization. Grant applications are sought only in the following subtopics:

a. Radio Frequency Acceleration Structures - Grant applications are sought for research on very high gradient rf accelerating structures, normal or superconducting, for use in accelerators and storage rings. Gradients >100 MeV/m for electrons and >10 MeV/m for protons in normal cavities are of particular interest, as are means for suppressing unwanted higher-order modes and reducing costs. For use in muon accelerator R&D, achieving gradients of 5-10 MeV/m for cavities with frequencies between 20 and 200 MHz is also of interest. Means for achieving unloaded voltage gradients >25 MeV/m and reducing costs in superconducting cavities are also of interest, as are methods for reducing surface breakdown and multipactoring (such as surface coatings or special geometries) and for suppressing unwanted higher order modes. Grant applications should be applicable to devices operating at frequencies from 1.2 to 100 GHz or between 20 and 200 MHz for muon accelerators.

b. Radio Frequency Power for Linear Accelerators - Grant applications are sought for new concepts, high-power rf components, and instrumentation for producing high peak power (>50 MW at 10 GHz, appropriately reduced when scaled to higher frequencies), narrow band, low duty-cycle, low pulse repetition frequency (approximately 0.1 to 1 kHz) pulsed rf amplifiers for application to upgrading future large electron/positron linear colliders. Potential electrical efficiencies greater than 45 percent are considered essential. Innovation related to cost saving, manufacturability, and electrical efficiency is especially sought. Some examples follow:

(1) One way of providing rf power is the cluster klystron, a device consisting of a "cluster" of separate magnetron gun driven klystrons that share a common focusing field and accelerating gap. Such a device could give high total pulsed power with relatively small individual beam currents, and thus be capable of high efficiency. The use of magnetron guns allows the many beams to be enclosed in a compact space, and have modulation anodes that allow the current to be switched, thus eliminating the need for a pulsed high-voltage modulator. Therefore, grant applications are sought to develop cluster klystrons, as well as highly stable magnetron guns for cluster klystrons.

(2) Another device for providing high rf power is the co-axial gyroklystron. One design has an input frequency of 8.57 GHz and output frequency of 17.14 GHz. This microwave amplifier requires a Magnetron Injection Gun (MIG), (500 kV, 800 A, pulse duration of 2 microseconds, pulse repetition frequency < 60 Hz) to produce an annular beam of spiraling electrons. R&D is required to improve the uniformity of electron emission from the annular cathode emitter, and to improve high voltage standoff of the electron gun insulator. Therefore, grant applications are sought to develop MIG cathode structures, single or segmented, for a MIG-type electron gun meeting these needs, or to develop the whole gun structure including the gun optics and high-voltage ceramic insulator design.

Upgrades to the next generation linear collider will require many rf power handling components which are not presently available, e.g., rf windows, couplers, mode transformers, rf loads, and high power rings capable of operating at high pulse powers (20 - 100 MW), high frequencies (11 - 100 GHz), and pulse lengths of several microseconds. Grant applications are sought for passive and active rf components such as over-moded mode converters from rectangular to circular waveguide and vice versa, high-power rf windows, circulators, isolators, switches, and high-power rf pulse compression methods for use in future linear colliders.

Lastly, grant applications are sought for: (1) higher efficiency rf sources working around 1.3 GHz with power levels up to 50 MW and pulse width of a few hundred microseconds with applicability to two-beam accelerators; and (2) higher efficiency (>65 percent) 1.0 GHz or higher frequency sources appropriate for a superconducting-rf option for a linear collider ( such sources should provide a few MW of power, 2-10 milliseconds pulse length, and 5-100 Hz repetition rate (includes continuous wave).

c. New Concepts or Components for Pulsed Power Modulators and Energy Storage - Most rf power sources for future linear colliders require high peak-power pulse modulators of considerably higher efficiency than presently available. Grant applications are sought for new types of modulators in the 400 kV - 1 MV range for driving currents of 400 - 800 A, with pulse lengths of 0.2 - 2 microseconds, and rise- and fall-times of less than 0.2 microsecond. Innovation related to cost saving, manufacturability, and electrical efficiency in modulators is especially important. Modulators with improved voltage control for rf phase stability in some alternate rf power systems are also sought.

Grant applications are also sought to develop high power solid-state switches, either Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) or Thyristors, for pulse power switching. Requirements include the ability to switch high current pulses (2-5 kAmps) at voltage levels of 2 to 6 kV with switching times of less than 300 nsec. Construction and low inductance packaging techniques must be developed to allow current state-of-the-art chip designs to handle very high di/dt (20 kAmps/microsecond) at low duty cycle (<0.1 percent).

Grant applications are solicited for the design, development, and computer modeling of a multiple, concentric, high-voltage cable that provides primary pulse energy storage for a klystron electron gun when pulsed, while also connecting the klystron to a remote grid pulser and power supply system. This power scheme would use a high voltage, multiple concentric conductor cable to store the energy delivered during the short, several hundred nanosecond, klystron cathode pulses. The pulse repetition frequency of these pulses is on the order of 100-300 Hz. The dynamic impedance of the klystron during the pulse is on the order of 750 ohms. A typical cable impedance for this sort of cable design is 35 ohms. Thus, if the cable is initially charged to 5 percent over required cathode voltage, then when the grid is pulsed and the cathode delivers full current, the cable voltage on the load end should drop to the required cathode voltage, and this voltage should be maintained until the wave-front, launched on the cable as the result of the grid switched cathode current, travels to the other end of the cable and returns to the load end. At this time, the grid would turn off the cathode current, canceling the returning wave. This dictates that the cable must have an electrical length of exactly half the cathode pulse width. The cable would then recharge slowly during the interpulse period. The cable must have good DC high voltage stand-off characteristics, while also having very low loss and dispersion functions for the traveling waves. Power systems incorporating such high voltage cables are also desired.

Lastly, grant applications are sought to develop and optimize high reliability, high energy density energy storage capacitors for solid state pulse power systems. The capacitors must: (1) deliver high peak pulse current (5 - 8 kAmps) in the partial discharge region (less than 10 percent voltage droop during pulse), (2) be designed with very low inductance connections to allow fast rise and fall time discharge without ringing (di/dt ~ 20 kAmps/microsecond), and (3) be packaged to meet the requirements of high power solid state board layouts and have minimum production cost.

Note: Grant applications for components and systems that target the presently envisioned Next Linear Collider should be submitted under Topic 23.

d. Radio Frequency Power for Muon Colliders - Grant applications are sought for new concepts, approaches, or designs for radio frequency amplifiers or pulse compression schemes for use in the acceleration and ionization cooling channels of a future muon collider. The amplifiers or compressors must have high peak power (>50 MW), and pulsed, low frequency (in the range 2 millisecond pulses at 20 MHz to 0.1 millisecond pulses at 200 MHz). There is also interest in higher power (>100 MW) pulsed sources at higher frequencies (in the range 30 microseconds at 400 MHz to 10 microseconds at 800 MHz). All muon collider amplifiers must have moderate repetition rate capability (e.g., 15 Hz). Cost per unit of peak power, including that of the needed power supplies, is of particular interest.

1. Chattopadhyay, S., et al., eds., Advanced Accelerator Concepts: Seventh Workshop, Lake Tahoe, CA, October 12-18, 1996, New York: American Institute of Physics, 1997. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 398) (ISBN: 1-56396-697-2)*

2. Cline, D. B., ed., "Muon Collider Studies," Physics Potential and Development of Mu+ Mu» Colliders, Fourth International Conference, San Francisco, CA, December 1997, pp. 183-344, American Institute of Physics, 1998. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 441) (ISBN: 1-56396-723-5)*

3. Cline, D. B., ed., Physics Potential and Development of Muon Colliders and Neutrino Factories: Fifth International Conference, San Francisco, CA, December 15-17, 1999, New York: American Institute of Physics, 2000. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 542) (ISBN: 1-56396-970-X)

4. Colestock, P. and Kelley, S., eds., Advanced Accelerator Concepts Workshop, Santa Fe, NM, June 10-16, 2000, New York: American Institute of Physics, 2001. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 569) (ISBN: 0-7354-0005-9)*

5. Duggan, J. L. and Morgan, I. L., eds., Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry: Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on the Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry, Denton, TX, November 4-7, 1998, 2 Vols., New York: American Institute of Physics, 1999. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 475) (ISBN: 1-56396-825-8)*

6. Fernow, R. C., ed., Pulsed RF Sources for Linear Colliders Workshop, Montauk, NY, October 2-7, 1994, New York: American Institute of Physics Press, 1995. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 337) (ISBN: 1563964082)*

The Department of Energy High Energy Physics program supports a broad research and development (R&D) effort in the science, engineering, and technology of charged particle accelerators, storage rings, and associated apparatus. Advanced R&D is needed in support of this program in (1) high-field superconductor and (2) superconducting magnet technologies. This topic addresses only those superconductor and superconducting magnet development technologies that support dipoles, quadrupoles, and higher order multipole corrector magnets for use in accelerators, storage rings, and charged particle beam transport systems. Relevance to applications in high energy physics must be explicitly described and will be a factor in the application selection process. Grant applications which propose using resources of a third party (such as a DOE laboratory) must include in the application a letter of certification from anauthorized official of that organization. Grant applications are sought only in the following subtopics:

a High-Field Superconductor Technology - Grant applications are sought for new or improved materials, starting raw materials, and related processing techniques for high critical-current, high critical-field conductors to produce low alternating current (AC) loss conductors for use in very high-field magnets. While improvements are sought for magnets above 8 Tesla, the engineering goal for the near future (7 to 10 years) is at least 15 Tesla. Applications must demonstrate such property improvements as higher critical- current densities and higher critical fields, as well as manageable degradation of these properties as a function of applied strain. Vacuum requirements in accelerators and storage rings favor operating temperatures below 20 K. Process improvements must result in equivalent performance at reduced cost. Advanced conductor fabrication techniques of interest also include methods to utilize high aspect ratio stranded conductors or tape geometries in particle accelerator applications. Materials of interest include: niobium-titanium, ternary niobium-titanium alloys, the so-called "A-15" compounds (e.g., niobium-tin and niobium-aluminum), and oxide (high temperature) superconductors. Regarding oxide superconductors, a minimum current density of 1200 A/mm² (not cm²) in the superconductor itself and a minimum current density of 250 A/mm² over a total conductor cross section, at 12 Tesla minimum and 4.2 K, must be achieved. All grant applications for A-15 and oxide superconductors must address the challenge of long length, large volume industrial production for practical applications. The details of such production plans, including expected development time, also must be discussed. Proposals addressing improvement of starting raw materials are encouraged.

High performance niobium-titanium (NbTi) alloys operating above 8 Tesla appear to be required for focusing quadrupole magnets or for "low field" graded windings in higher field dipoles. Grant applications are sought for NbTi composite superconductors whose properties are optimized at the higher field portion of the short sample curve. Grant applications must focus on conductors that will be acceptable for accelerator magnets.

In addition, grant applications are sought for innovative insulating materials which would enable employment of new superconductors, such as the A-15 or oxide types, in practical devices. Insulating materials must be compatible with high temperature reactions in the 750-900 C range and must be capable of supporting high mechanical loads at cryogenic temperatures.

b. Superconducting Magnet Technology - Grant applications are sought to develop: (1) improved instrumentation to measure properties (such as local strain, temperature, and magnetic field) which are directly applicable to the testing of superconducting magnets; (2) improved current leads based on high-temperature superconductors for application to high-field accelerator magnets, which have requirements that include current level at 5 kA or greater, stability, low heat leak, and good quench performance; (3) alternative designs, to traditional "cosine theta" dipole and "cosine two-theta" quadrupole magnets, that may be more compatible with the more fragile A-15 and the oxide, high-field superconductors; or (4) designs for bent (e.g., bending radius of 0.5 meter) solenoids (e.g., 4 T, 30 cm inside diameter) with superimposed dipole fields (e.g., 1 T) for dispersion generation in large emittance beams.

1.    16th International Conference on Magnet Technology, Ponte Vedra Beach, FL, Sept. 26-Oct. 2, 1999, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 10(1), March 2000. (ISSN: 1051-8223)*

2.    Balachandran, U. B., et al., eds., "Advances in Cryogenic Engineering Materials," Proceedings of the 13th International Cryogenic Materials Conference, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Jul. 12-15, 1999, Vol. 46A & B, New York: Plenum Press, 2000. (ISBN: 0-306-46398-9)

3.   Cifarelli, L. and Maritato, L., eds., Superconducting Materials for High Energy Colliders: Proceedings of the 38th Workshop of the INFN Eloisatron Project, Erice, Italy, October 19-25, 1999, River Edge, NJ: World Scientific, 2001. (ISBN: 981-02-4319-7)

4.    Duggan, J. L. and Morgan, I. L., eds., Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry: Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on the Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry, Denton, TX, November 4-7, 1998, 2 Vols., New York: American Institute of Physics, 1999. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 475) (ISBN: 1-56396-825-8) (Available from Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.. Telephone: 800-809-2247 Fax: 201-348-4505 E-mail: orders@springer-ny.com Website: http://www.springer-ny.com)

5.    Kittel, P., "Advances in Cryogenic Engineering," Proceedings of the 1997 Cryogenic Engineering Conference, Portland, OR, Jul. 28-Aug. 1, 1997, Vol. 43A & B, New York: Plenum Press, 1998. (ISBN: 0-306-45918-3)

6.    Luccio, A. and MacKay, W., eds., Proceedings of the 1999 Particle Accelerator Conference, New York, NY, March 27-April 2, 1999, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 1999. (ISBN: 0-7803-5575-X) (IEEE Catalogue No. 99CH36366)*

7.    Mess, K.-H. et al., Superconducting Accelerator Magnets, River Edge, NJ: World Scientific, 1996. (ISBN: 981-02-2790-6)

8.    The 1998 Applied Superconductivity Conference, Palm Desert, CA, September 13-18, 1998, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 3 Parts, 9(2), June 1999. (ISSN: 1051-8223) (IEEE Catalog No. JF-152-9-061999)*

9.    The 2000 Applied Superconductivity Conference, Virginia Beach, VA, September 17-22, 2000, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 3 Parts, 11(1), March 2001. (ISSN: 1051-8223)*

* Available from the IEEE Service Center. Telephone: 800-678-4333. Website: http://www.shop.ieee.org/store/

The DOE High Energy Physics program supports research and development (R&D) of technologies for a TeV-scale electron-positron linear collider that would use normal-conducting X-Band (11.4 GHz) microwave power. This collider will be five to ten times the energy of present-generation linear accelerators. This topic addresses near-to-medium term developments to enhance performance and reliability and/or to reduce costs of accelerator components and infrastructures. Applications should demonstrate relevance to these issues. Any letters included in an application which indicate the use of resources of a third party (such as a DOE Laboratory) must include certification from an authorized official of that organization. Grant applications are sought only in the following subtopics:

a. Direct Current (DC) and Pulsed Power Supplies Modulators and Components -Advances are needed in various aspects of pulse modulators and associated components to drive klystrons in both injector and main linac applications. Grant applications are sought for:

(1) DC Power Supplies operating at 2 to 5 kV from about 50 to 500 kW output, to drive capacitor banks in IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) switched induction modulators or Marx generators. The power supplies must have 0.1 percent regulation, withstand pulsed current duty cycle between short discharges (3 - 6 microseconds) and recharge at 120-180 Hz steady state. Operation for shorter pulses at higher recharge rates is also desired for testing purposes. Other objectives include high reliability, low cost, and efficiency greater than 90 percent.

(2) Ultra-Reliable Capacitors of ~10-25 microfarads at 2.5 to ~6 kV to provide stored energy for partial discharge, on-off switch modulator configurations. Requirements include low loss, low inductance, high power density to minimize volume, MTBF >100,000 hours, and low cost. Long lifetime is a priority because the large numbers of such units in the modulator designs will dominate modulator reliability.

(3) High Voltage Pulse Transformers with ratios from 1:6 up to 1:15, with low leakage inductance and minimized core loss, for use in solid-state-switch driven modulators with a load-matching transformer. The modulators will drive a pair of X-band klystrons at 180 Hz with ~500 kV, 520 A peak and 3 microseconds pulse-length, or drive an S-band klystron in the injector at 180 Hz with 380 kV, 800 A peak, and at least 6 (possibly up to 16) microseconds pulse-length. Rise/fall times of less than 300 ns and droop/ripple of less than 2 percent are desired. Transformers must operate in oil and be compact, efficient, and cost-effective to manufacture.

Further information on this subtopic can be obtained from Ray Larsen at SLAC (e-mail: larsen@SLAC.Stanford.EDU; phone: 650-926-4907; fax: 650-926-5124).

b. Manufacturing Processes and Support Technology for Microwave Power - The transmission of high power, X-band microwaves to the high-energy, X-band linear accelerators in the NLC may utilize oversized, multi-mode components and waveguides with non-standard cross sections, evacuated to 10 nTorr pressure. Components for such functions as manipulating microwave modes or introducing mechanical flexibility may be irregularly shaped. They also require demanding tolerances on internal dimensions (mils), surface finishes (microns), leak rates (10^-12 Torr-liter/sec/cm² ), rf voltage hold-off (40 MV per meter), and surface conductivity (at least as good as aluminum). For these components, conventional manufacturing processes such as investment casting or electroforming are not adequate. Therefore, grant applications are sought to develop appropriate techniques or manufacturing processes to economically produce these microwave components in large batches of identical parts.

Grant applications are also sought to develop or advance net shape or near net shape manufacturing processes for mass production of high-conductivity (100 percent dense), oxygen-free (ASTM F.68 Metallographic Class I) copper components used in ultra-high vacuum (UHV) (equilibrium vapor pressure <1 nTorr at 300 C), high-power microwave applications. Mechanical tolerances of 50-100 micrometers must be achieved. Grant applications are also sought to develop or advance processes for precision machining subsequent to the aforementioned net shaping, with dimensional and flatness tolerances of one micrometer and surface finishes of 10 nanometer (rms). All grant applications, whether addressing net shaping or precision machining, must demonstrate significant cost reduction over current numerically controlled machining methods. Manufacturing processes with similar tolerances and applicability for the mass production of UHV, high-power parts made from stainless steel, aluminum, or copper alloys are also of interest.

Lastly, to support the generation and transmission of high power microwaves, grant applications are sought to develop: (1) a microwave circulator and/or active switch with high efficiency for multi-megawatt power levels at 11.4 GHz [see reference 7]; (2) robust, reliable techniques for distributed pumping and/or for suppression of surface field emission in components and waveguides; (3) robust, reliable techniques for the joining components and waveguide sections in the accelerator housing [see reference 7]; or (4) new permanent magnet focusing structures with reduced cost or improved reliability for X-, S-, or L-band "SLAC-type" klystrons.

Further information on this subtopic can be obtained from John Cornuelle at SLAC (e-mail: johnc@ SLAC.Stanford.EDU; phone: 650-926-2545; fax: 650-926-5124).

c. UHV Manufacturing Techniques for NLC Damping Ring Cavities and Vacuum Chambers - Grant applications are sought to develop ultra-high vacuum (UHV) manufacturing techniques for low-cost, reliable fabrication of UHF-band radiofrequency accelerating cavities with damped higher-order modes for use in damping rings. Fabrication of the cavity and its penetrations has in the past been performed by multi-axis milling of oxygen-free, high-conductivity copper - an expensive process. More cost-effective candidate techniques include stereolithography, casting, electroforming, plunge-EDM, etc. Methods are also required for providing cooling channels that can be accessed from the exterior of the cavity. Methods such as plasma deposition over machined or formed channels, or brazed tubing, may be investigated (in preference to existing electroplating techniques). The joining of parts by electron-beam welding is also of interest.

Grant applications are also sought to develop improved low-cost techniques for the fabrication of damping-ring UHV aluminum vacuum chambers with detailed, non-circular cross-sections and outgassing rates of 10^-12 Torr-liter/sec/cm² or less at room temperature. Machining tolerances are generally approximately ±1 mm over the length of the structure, with detailed features requiring tolerances of approximately ±100 micrometer to be added in a subsequent process. In order to reduce the effective surface area, and thus outgassing rate, the chambers may be extruded, with a final machined surface finish. Other details of the manufacturing process, such as the cleaning process and the choice of machining lubricant are also critical in producing and maintaining low outgassing rates. Other needs include (1) improved methods of joining the vacuum chambers to the stainless steel flanges with UHV-compatible techniques, and (2) the development of a method and equipment to directly measure outgassing rates, in order to evaluate the chamber manufacturing techniques described above. For the latter, requirements include measurements of 10^-12 Torr-liter/sec/cm² or less at room temperature for multiple samples of aluminum or other metals, and minimal sample sizes to lower the costs of preparation.

Further information on this subtopic can be obtained from John Corlett at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (e-mail: JNCorlett@lbl.gov; phone: 510-486-5228; fax: 510-486-7981).

d. Focusing and Auxiliary Systems - As a potentially more economical and reliable alternative to DC electromagnets, permanent magnets are under consideration for about half of the 6000 beam-line magnets in the NLC. Grant applications are sought for the development of a highly reliable permanent magnet quadrupole that is remotely tunable over a range of ±20 percent relative to its nominal integrated focusing gradient (taking about 10 seconds). The quadrupole must be magnetically stable, with less than 1.4 micrometers of magnetic center shift. These specifications require symmetry and stability not previously sought from permanent magnets and greatly influence the magnetic and mechanical design of the quadrupole. A typical quadrupole will have 13-mm-diameter aperture, 430-mm length, and 0.8-Tesla pole-tip field. The operating environment that is contemplated is 10,000 Rads per year, and stable temperature near 90 F. See reference 1 for more information on this subject.

Grant applications are also sought to develop a translational mover system for an electromagnet in an accelerator beam line. The mover should be capable of repositioning, horizontally and vertically, a 700-kg load in 50-nm steps over a range of ±3 mm, with average speed of 5 micrometers/sec. The resonant vibration frequency of the magnet-mover system should exceed 20 Hz.

In order to ensure stable collisions of nanometer-size NLC beams, the relative and absolute motion of the final focussing magnetic lenses, which are separated by 6-8 meters, must be suppressed to less than or approximately 1 nm amplitude at frequencies above 5 Hz. Therefore, grant applications are sought to develop techniques and components of a new vibration suppression system. With sub-nanometer accuracy in the frequency range above a few Hz, it must be capable of sensing and suppressing relative and absolute motion of long, separated massive objects. The objects may reside in a 3-6 T external magnetic field from the solenoid of the high energy physics detector. The separated objects may be either: (1) 0.5 ton, 3-m long, electromagnetic or permanent magnet quadrupoles at room temperature, or (2) less massive, 5 cm diameter, 3-m long, cold metal bores of superconducting quadrupoles to be stabilized inside their cryostats.

Finally, sensors and electronic devices are needed for the measurement and control of key NLC features. Grant applications are sought to develop: (1) robust, non-contact position sensors based on radiation resistant materials (e.g. eddy-current sensors) and produced at low cost in large quantities ( the critical range of motion is ~1 mm with resolution and repeatability of ~100 nm; and (2) custom integrated electronic circuits that can be ported to a radiation-hard process for use in an accelerator housing - specifically, circuits are needed for control of: beam position monitors; ion-pump controllers; low-level rf mixers, demodulators, multiplexers and digitizers; and magnet-mover controllers.

For this subtopic, further information on the first two paragraphs above can be obtained from John Cornuelle at SLAC (e-mail: johnc@SLAC.Stanford.EDU; phone: 650-926-2545; fax: 650-926-5124). For the third paragraph above, further information can be obtained from Andrei Seryi at SLAC (e-mail: seryi@SLAC.Stanford.EDU; phone: 650-926-4805; fax: 650-926-5124). For the last paragraph, further information can be obtained from Ray Larson at SLAC (e-mail: larsen@SLAC.Stanford.EDU; phone: 650-926-4907; fax: 650-926-5124).

1.    Bellomo, P., et al., "A Novel Approach to Increasing the Reliability of Accelerator Magnets," IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 10(1): 284-287, March 2000. (ISSN: 1051-8223)

2.    Lehman DOE Review, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Menlo Park, CA, May 24-28, 1999. (Available on the Web at: http://www-project.slac.stanford.edu/lc/nlc-tech.html. Starting at "NLC Technical," click on "Technical Rev. 1999." Scroll down to "May 24-28" and click on Lehman DOE Review.)

3.    Loew, G., ed., International Linear Collider Technical Review Committee Report, 1995. (Available on the Web at: http://www.slac.stanford.edu/xorg/ilc-trc/toc.html)

4.    Next Linear Collider Modulator Workshops, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Menlo Park, CA, June 23-25, 1999. (Available on the Web at: http://www-project.slac.stanford.edu/lc/local/Reviews/modulators/workshop/mod-wrkshop.htm)

5.    Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Linear Colliders (LC 97), Zvenigorod, Russia, Sept. 29-Oct. 3 1997. (Available on the Web at: http://www.desy.de/conferences/LC97/proceed/html/proceed.htm)

6.    Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Linear Colliders (LC 99), Frascati, Italy, October 21-26, 1999. (Available on the Web at http://wwwsis.lnf.infn.it/lc99/)

7.    Tantawi, S. G., "New Development in RF Pulse Compression," 20th International Linac Conference, Monterey, CA, Aug. 21-25, 2000, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, 2000. (Report No. SLAC-PUB-8582) (Full text URL: http://arXiv.org/pdf/physics/0008204/)

8.    "Zeroth-Order Design Report for the Next Linear Collider," Proceedings of the 1996 Summer Study on Future Directions in High Energy Physics. SNOWMASS96 Snowmass, CO. 1996, 2 Vols., Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Energy, May 1996. (Vol. 1-[Authors: Adolphsen, C., et al.] [Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) Report No. 474-Vol. l] [NTIS Order No. DE960 123 131]) (Vol.2-[Author: Raubenheimer, T. O.] [SLAC Report No. 474-Vol.2] [NTIS Order No. DE96012382])*

* Available from National Technical Information Service. See Section 7.1.

The Department of Energy (DOE) supports research and development in a wide range of technologies essential to experiments in high energy physics and to the accelerators at DOE high energy accelerator laboratories. The development of advanced technologies for particle detection and identification for use in high energy physics experiments or particle accelerators is desired. Principal areas of interest include particle detectors based on new techniques and technological developments (e.g., superconductivity or solid-state devices) or detectors that can be used in novel ways as a consequence of associated technological developments in electronics (e.g., sensitivity or bandwidth), with particular interest in devices exhibiting insensitivity to very high radiation levels. Also of interest are novel experimental systems that use new detectors or use old ones in new ways that either extend basic high energy physics experimental research capabilities or result in less costly and less complex apparatus. Grant applications must clearly and specifically indicate their particular relevance to high energy physics programmatic activities.

Although particle physics detector development is often concentrated at major national particle accelerator centers, there are many developmental endeavors, especially in collaborative efforts, where small businesses can make creative and innovative contributions that further develop the required advanced technologies. Nonetheless, applicants are encouraged to collaborate with active high energy elementary particle physicists at universities or national laboratories to establish mutually beneficial goals. On-line directories of appropriate researchers are available at http://www.hep.net/sites/directories.html. Grant appli-cations are sought only in the following subtopics:

a. Particle Detection and Identification Devices - Grant applications are sought for novel devices in the areas of charged and neutral particle detection and identification. Examples include, but are not limited to, semiconductor particle detectors (silicon, CVD diamond, or other semiconductors), light-emitting particle detectors (scintillating materials including fibers and crystals or Cherenkov radiators), photosensitive detectors that could be used with light-emitting detectors (photomultipliers, micro-channel plates, photosensitive semiconductors), gas or liquid-filled chambers (used for particle tracking or in electromagnetic or hadronic calorimeters, Cherenkov or transition radiation detectors). The proposed devices must be explicitly related to future high-energy physics experiments, either accelerator or non-accelerator based, or to future uses in particle accelerators. Relevant potential improvements over existing devices and techniques must be discussed explicitly (e.g., radiation hardness, energy, position, and timing resolution, sensitivity, rate capability, stability, dynamic range, durability, cost).

b. Detector Support and Integration Components - High energy physics experiments frequently require high performance detector support that will not compromise the precision of the detectors. Therefore, grant applications are sought for components used to support or integrate detectors into high-energy physics experiments. The support com-ponents must be well matched to the detectors and possess some or all of the following features: low mass, high strength or stiffness, low intrinsic radioactivity, exceptionally high or exceptionally low thermal conductivity, and low cost. Grant applications are also sought for alignment and cooling systems.

1.    Abashian, A., ed., "Particles and Fields - 1983, AIP Conference Proceedings No. 112; Particles and Fields Subseries No. 32, American Institute of Physics, 1984. (NTIS Order No. T184008600. Available from National Technology Information Service. See Section 7.1.)

2.    Abe, F., et al., "The CDF Detector: An Overview," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research, Section A, Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 271(3):387-403, 1988. (ISSN: 0168-9002)

3.    Amidei, D., et al., "The Silicon Vertex Detector of the Collider Detector at Fermilab," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research, Section A, Accelerators,Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 350(1-2):73-130, October 15, 1994. (ISSN: 0168-9002)

4.    Bock, R. K. and Regler, M., Data Analysis Techniques in High Energy Physics Experiments, Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1990. (ISBN: 0-521-34195-7)

5.    Bromley, D. A., "Evolution and Use of Nuclear Detectors and Systems," Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, 162(1-3):1-8, June 15, 1979. (ISSN:0029-554X)

6.    Cline, D. B., "Low Energy Ways to Observe High-Energy Phenomena," Scientific American, 271(3): 40-47, September 1994. (ISSN: 0036-8733)

7.    Duggan, J. L. and Morgan, I. L., eds., Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry: Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on the Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry, Denton, TX, November 4-7, 1998, New York: American Institute of Physics, 1999. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 475) (ISBN: 1-56396-825-8) (Available from Springer- Verlag New York, Inc. Telephone: 800-SPRINGER. Website: http://www.springer-ny.com)

8.    Kleinknecht, K., Detectors for Particle Radiation, Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1986. (ISBN: 0-521-30424-5)

9.    Litke, A. M. and Schwarz, A. S., "The Silicon Microstrip Detector," Scientific American, 272(5): 76-81, May 1995. (ISSN: 0036-8733)

10.    Perkins, D. H., An Introduction to High Energy Physics, Addison-Wesley Longman, 1982. (ISBN: 0-201-05757-3)

Although particle physics detector instrumentation, data processing and analysis, and software development typically occur in large collaborative efforts at national particle accelerator centers, there are efforts where small businesses can make innovative and creative contributions to the further development of the required advanced technologies. Applicants are encouraged to collaborate with active high energy elementary particle physicists at universities or national laboratories to establish mutually beneficial goals. On-line directories of appropriate researchers are available by institution at http://www.hep.net/sites/directories.html.  Grant applications which propose using the resources of a third party (such as a DOE laboratory) must include, in the application, a letter of certification from an authorized official of that organization. Grant applications are sought only in the following subtopics:

a. High-Speed Electronic Instrumentation - Grant applications are sought to develop components, electronics, systems, and instrumentation modules as follows:

(1) Special purpose chips and devices are sought for use in the internal circuitry employed in large particle detectors. Desirable features include low noise, low power consumption, high packing density, radiation resistance, very high response speed, and/or high adaptability to situations requiring multiple parallel channels. Desirable functions include amplifiers, counters, analog pulse storage devices, decoders, encoders, analog-to-digital converters, controllers, and communications interface devices.

(2) Circuits and systems are sought for rapidly processing data from particle detectors such as proportional wire chambers, scintillation counters, silicon microstrip detectors, particle calorimeters, and Cerenkov counters. Representative processing functions and circuits include low noise pulse amplifiers and preamplifiers, high speed counters (>300 MHz), and time-to-amplitude converters. Compatibility with one of the widely used module interconnection standards (e.g., FASTBUS, or VMEbus) is highly desirable, as would be low power consumption, high component density, and/or adaptability to large numbers of multiple channels.

(3) Advanced, high speed logic arrays and microprocessor systems are sought for fast event identification, event trigger generation, and data processing with very high throughput capability. Such systems should be compatible with or implemented in one of the widely used module interconnection standards (e.g., FASTBUS, or VMEbus).

(4) Much of the electronics instrumentation in use in high energy physics is packaged in one of the international module inter-connection standards (e.g., FASTBUS, or VMEbus). Therefore, grant applications are sought for modules that will provide capabilities not previously available, for substantial performance enhancement to existing types of modules, and for components, devices, or systems that will enhance or significantly extend the capability or functionality of one of the standard systems. Examples include large and/or fast buffer memories, single module computer systems (either general purpose or special purpose), display modules, interconnection systems, communication modules and systems, and disk-drive interface modules.

b. Large Scale Analysis Computer Systems - Grant applications are sought to develop: (1) computer system components and supporting software enabling large scale and open use of storage networks, especially for magnetic disks, optical disks, and magnetic tapes; (2) computer system components and supporting software enabling the use of TCP/IP protocols in a more efficient manner over a local area network; (3) computer software or systems for monitoring and operating heterogeneous computer systems and networks for functionality, performance, and manageability criteria (also, ease of software installation on hundreds of computers would be desired); (4) methods for integrating distributed authority and access control into distributed data systems; and/or (5) improvements to the quality, reliability and cost effectiveness of petabyte storage systems. Proposed efforts must address identified computing problems related to diverse, large scale computing systems that support particle physics analysis.

c. Distributed Collaborative Infrastructure and Distributed Data Management and Analysis Frameworks - Advanced computational tools and software are needed to strengthen the ability of dispersed particle physics researchers to collaborate and to address problems related to the acquisition, handling, storage, analysis, and visualization of large datasets by these distributed collaborations. Grant applications are sought to develop: (1) client-server frameworks and Web tools for creating collaborative environments, facilitating remote participation of detector experts at the data collection stage and allowing collaborators to remotely monitor experiments; (2) software project management tools; (3) computer system components and supporting software incorporating the use of Quality of Service features generally available in wide area networks; (4) portable systems to hold very large collections of data of the type created in connection with the operation of very large detectors, along with data management tools; (5) visualization and software environments appropriate for physics analysis; (6) software to support data systems distributed over a wide area network; (7) framework, interconnects, and other peripherals which allow the use and orderly aggregation of commodity computers and computer peripherals at larger than normal scales, or at higher performance levels than usual; and/or (8) software development tools for the production of computer software to meet identified problems related to distributed, large scale software development, configuration management, and data analysis. For (8), approaches of interest include distributed portable testing and Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE), including configuration management tools for a portable, distributed environment; (9) Web tools for remote data selection ("skimming"); and (10) neural nets for optimization of data cuts and pattern recognition.

1.    1991 Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, Santa Fe, New Mexico, November 2-9, 1991, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 39(4):486-1179, August 1992. (ISSN: 0018-9499)

2.    Abashian, A., ed., Particles and Fields -1983, Blacksburg, VA, September 15, 1983, New York: American Institute of Physics, 1984. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 112) (DOE Report No. CONF-8309196) (NTIS Order No. TI84008600)*

3.    ATLAS Collaboration, ATLAS Technical Proposal for a General-Purpose pp Experiment at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, Geneva, Switzerland: CERN - European Laboratory for Particle Physics, December 1994. (Document No. CERN/LHCC/94-43) (Contact Scientific Information Service, CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23 Switzerland. URL: http://library.cern.ch/index.html)

4.    ATLAS DAQ, EF, LVL2 and DCS Technical Progress Report and Workplan.CERN - European Laboratory for Particle Physics http://atlasinfo.cern.ch/Atlas/GROUPS/DAQTRIG/TPR/tpr.html

5.    Bromley, D. A., "Evolution and Use of Nuclear Detectors and Systems," Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, 162(1-3, pt. I):1-8, 1979. (ISSN: 0029-554X)

6.    Documents Relating to US-CMS Software and ComputingCERN - European Laboratory for Particle Physics http://cmsdoc.cern.ch/~cmscan/uscmssw/documents.html

7.    Duggan, J. L. and Morgan, I. L., eds., Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry: Proceedings of the 14th International Conference, Denton, TX, November 6-9, 1996, 2 Vols., New York: American Institute of Physics, May, 1997. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 392) (ISBN: 1-563-96652-2) (Available from Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. Telephone: 800-777-4643. Web site: http://www .springer-ny.com)

8.    Fifth Conference on Real-Time Computer Applications in Nuclear, Particle, and Plasma Physics, San Francisco, CA, May 12-14, 1987, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, NS-34(4), August 1987. (ISSN: 0018-9499)

9.    IEEE Standard FASTBUS Modular High-Speed Data Acquisition and Control System: An American National Standard. (IEEE Catalogue No.SH17046-NYF) (ISBN: 1559373962)**

10.    IEEE Standard for VMEbus Extensions for Instrumentation, VXI-Bus, September 1992. (IEEE Catalogue No. SH15677-NYF) (ISBN: 1559372605)**

11.    EEE Standard Modular Instrumentation and Digital Interface System (CAMAC), February 26, 1982. (IEEE Catalogue No.SH8524-NYF) (ISBN: 1559376325)**

12.    IEEEStandard for a Versatile Backplane Bus: VMEbus, October 1985. 320 pages. (IEEE Catalogue No.SS11544-NYF) (ISBN: 1559376740)**

13.    Kleinknecht, K., Detectors for Particle Radiation, Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1986. (ISBN: 0521304245)

14.    Perkins, D. H., An Introduction to High Energy Physics, Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 1982. (ISBN: 0-201-05757-3)

15.    Regler, M., et al., Data Analysis Techniques in High Energy Physics Experiments, Cambridge, MA, Cambridge University Press, 1990. (ISBN: 0521341957)

* Available from National Technology Information Service. See Section 7.1.

** Available from IEEE Service Center, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854.