Nuclear physics research seeks to understand the structure and interactions of atomic nuclei and the fundamental forces and particles of nature as manifested in nuclear matter. Nuclear processes are responsible for the nature and abundance of all matter, which, in turn determine the essential physical characteristics of the universe. The primary mission of the Nuclear Physics program is to develop and support the scientists, techniques, and facilities that are needed for basic nuclear physics research. Attendant upon this core mission are responsibilities to enlarge and diversify the nation's pool of technically trained talent and to facilitate transfer of technology and knowledge to support the nation's economic base.

Nuclear physics research is carried out at national accelerator facilities and through university programs. The Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF) and the Bates Linear Accelerator at MIT allow detailed studies of how quarks and gluons bind together to make protons and neutrons. CEBAF is planning a future upgrade in which the electron beam energy is doubled from 6 to 12 GeV. The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), now in operation at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), will instantaneously form submicroscopic specimens of quark-gluon plasma by colliding gold nuclei, thus allowing a study of the primordial soup of quarks and gluons thought to make up the early universe. RHIC is planning a beam luminosity upgrade in the future; a new electron-ion collider is also being discussed. The nuclear physics program supports research and facility operations that are directed towards understanding the properties of nuclei at their limits of stability and of the fundamental properties of nucleons and neutrinos. This research is made possible with the Argonne Tandem Linac Accelerator System (ATLAS) at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), the Holifield Radioactive Ion Beam Facility (HRIBF) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and the 88-Inch Cyclotron at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), which provide complementary facilities for stable and radioactive beams as well as a variety of species and energies. In addition, the operations of accelerators for in-house research programs at four universities (Yale University, Washington University, Texas A&M University, and Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory (TUNL) at Duke University) provide unique instrumentation with a special emphasis on training of students. The nuclear physics program also supports non-accelerator experiments, such as the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) facility, constructed by a collaboration of Canadian, English and U.S. supported scientists, and which is now taking data on solar neutrino fluxes, and will provide the first results on the "appearance" of oscillations of electron neutrinos into another neutrino type. A proposed Rare Isotope Accelerator (RIA) facility, is being designed that would provide a way to explore the limits of nuclear existence. By producing and studying highly unstable nuclei that are now formed only in the stars, scientists could better understand stellar evolution and the origin of the elements.

Our ability to continue making a scientific impact to the general community relies heavily on the availability of cutting edge technology and advances in detector instrumentation, electronics, software and accelerator design. The technical topics that follow describe research and development opportunities in the equipment, techniques, and facilities that are needed to conduct and advance nuclear physics research at existing and future facilities.

Large scale data storage and processing systems are needed to store, retrieve, and process data from experiments conducted at large facilities, such as Brookhaven National Laboratory's Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility. These data, produced at rates of 100 MB/sec or more, result in the annual production of data sets on the order of several hundred Terabytes (TB). Similar data management systems are required to support the needs for non-accelerator nuclear physics experiments. All grant applications must explicitly show relevance to the nuclear physics program. Grant applications are sought only in the following subtopics:

a. Data Handling and Distribution - Large scale data storage and access, as well as processing and distribution systems are required for the scientific programs being carried out at Nuclear Physics facilities across the nation. These facilities produce 100s of TB of data per year. Many 10s of TB of data per year are distributed to many institutions around the U.S. and other countries for analysis by the scientific collaborators. Grant applications are sought for (1) hardware and software techniques to improve the effectiveness and reduce costs of handling such large data volumes, (2) hardware and software techniques to improve the effectiveness of the computational and data grids [see reference 3 for these uses] and (3) novel approaches to data mining, automatic structuring of data and information, and facilitated information retrieval.

Projections of the cost of data storage media show that magnetic disk media will soon be competitive with magnetic tape for storing large volumes of data. However, the infrastructure costs of operating a petabyte disk storage system could be prohibitive with current technology that keeps all disk drives powered and spinning. A characteristic of nuclear physics datasets is that most of the data is accessed infrequently. Therefore, grant applications are sought for new techniques leading to petabyte-scale magnetic disk systems that have low cost and low power usage that scale linearly with the amount of data accessed rather than total storage capacity.

b. Maintenance of Scientific Databases - The legacy of nuclear physics research is the data produced. Large projects like RHIC, Gammasphere, or the Jefferson Laboratory produce unique data that may never be re-measured. Experience tells us that only a small portion of the data is ever analyzed and published. Typical large research projects focus on the experiment and data taking but not database preservation. Therefore, grant applications are sought to develop permanent archiving and Internet dissemination procedures for nuclear physics experiments

2. Foster, I. and Kesselman, C., The Grid: Blueprint for a New Computing Infrastructure, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 1998. (ISBN 1558604758)

3. Maurer, S. M., et al., "Science's Neglected Legacy," Nature, 405(6783):117-120, May 11, 2000. (ISSN: 0028-0836)

4. Off-Line Computing for RHIC, Brookhaven National Laboratory, July 1997. (Available on the Web at: http://www.rhic.bnl.gov/html/reviews/proposal.ps) (Requires ability to view PostScript files.)

5. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computing in High Energy Physics, Berlin, Germany, April 7-11, 1997. (Proceedings available on Web at http://www.ifh.de/CHEP97/chep97.htm)

The Nuclear Physics program of the Department of Energy (DOE) supports a broad range of activities aimed at research and development related to the science, engineering, and technology of heavy-ion, electron, and proton accelerators and associated systems. Research and development is desired that will advance fundamental accelerator technology and its applications, which are tailored to nuclear physics scientific research. Areas of interest include the basic technologies of the Brookhaven National Laboratory's superconducting Relativistic electron Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) with energies up to 100 GeV/amu per beam, technologies associated with RHIC beam luminosity upgrades and the development of an electron-ion machine, superconducting radio frequency (srf) linear accelerators such as the electron machine at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), and development of devices and/or methods that would be useful in the generation of intense accelerated beams of radioactive isotopes related to the construction of a Rare Isotope Accelerator (RIA) facility. Relevance of applications to nuclear physics must be explicitly described. Grant applications that propose using the resources of a third party (such as a DOE laboratory) must include, in the application, a letter of certification from an authorized official of that organization. Grant applications are sought only in the following subtopics:

a. Materials and Components for Radio Frequency Devices - Grant applications are sought for research and development leading to improved or advanced superconducting and room temperature materials or components for radio frequency (rf) devices used in particle accelerators. Areas of interest include: (1) peripheral components such as ultra high vacuum seals, terminations, cryogenic radio frequency windows, and magnetostrictive cavity tuning mechanisms; (2) termination materials for use at 2 to 4 K, compatible with the ultra high vacuum and dust-free environment, and capable of absorbing microwaves efficiently from 2 to 90 Ghz; (3) methods to avoid inclusions in the superconducting material and contamination on the surface of the superconductor; (4) innovative designs for hermetically sealed refrigerators and other cryogenic equipment that simplify procedures and reduce costs associated with reparability and modification; and (5) development of simple, low-cost mechanical damping techniques, effective in the 10-300 Hz range at 2 Kelvin, to reduce both construction and operating costs of facilities through smaller systems.

Grant applications are also sought for the initial design, modeling, and development of a new 13 kW continuous wave klystron power source at 1497 MHz to drive accelerator superconducting cavities. Such a device is needed for the TJNAF energy upgrade, for example. The klystrons should be able to operate at a variety of power levels depending on the parameters of each superconducting cavity and on the energy delivered to the electron beams. Because each superconducting cavity may require a different power level of operation, the klystron should contain a perveance-determining electrode in the klystron gun to limit beam power dissipation when operating at less than full power. Also, because the klystrons will be part of an energy feedback system, they should operate about 10 percent below their saturated power levels to allow headroom for control by the feedback system; this situation requires good stability in the linear gain region of the klystron. Klystron power efficiency is of major importance in all these modes of operation. Permanent magnet focusing of this new klystron design is desirable, but electro-magnet focusing would also be acceptable if better rf stability and operating efficiency obtains. Efficiencies greater than 55 percent are desirable for rf to beam power.

b. Design and Operation of Radio Frequency Beam Acceleration Systems - Grant applications are sought for the design, fabrication, and operation of radio frequency accelerating structures and systems for heavy-ion accelerators. Areas of interest include: (1) superconducting and conventional continuous wave structures for the pre-acceleration of radioactive beams, which can operate in the velocity regime between 0.001 and 0.01 times the velocity of light, for ions with charge-to-mass ratios between 1/30 and 1/240; (2) superconducting rf accelerating structures appropriate for RIA drivers which can operate in segments of the range from approximately 0.1 to 0.8 the velocity of light; (3) the economical fabrication of many-celled rf cavities that still provide moderate damping of all higher-order modes; (4) improved techniques for phase stabilization of low velocity ion acceleration structures; (5) improvements to accelerating gradients and quality factor (Q) in cavities for both continuous wave (cw) and pulsed operation; (6) high duty factor, high power rf systems for radio frequency quadrupoles and linacs; and (7) techniques for coupling rf power into superconducting cavities operating at 2 K.

Grant applications are also sought to develop concepts and designs to improve the stability and performance of high efficiency, high brightness, electron linear accelerator systems. Areas of interest include energy recovery systems that preserve beam quality by thoroughly treating higher order modes and beam break-up phenomena, electron cooling for high-energy ion beams (e.g. RHIC ( Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider ( luminosity upgrade) and electron-ion collisions (e.g. electron collider with RHIC, or eRHIC), and increasing the threshold of multi-bunch, multi-pass beam breakup in energy-recovering electron linear accelerators. Grant applications must address not only beam dynamics but also the engineering issues of such systems by developing system and component level engineering requirements and associated conceptual designs.

Lastly, power requirements could be significantly reduced if the 5 kW, 1500 MHz cw klystrons, currently available for use at nuclear physics accelerator facilities, could be replaced by alternative technology. Grant applications are therefore sought for the design and development of high power solid state devices or other techniques, which would allow for significant reductions in accelerator power usage. The gain should exceed 30 dB and devices should exhibit long life, cost effectiveness, reliability, and high electrical efficiency.

c. Particle Beam Sources and Techniques - Grant applications are sought to develop: (1) particle beam ion sources with improved intensity, emittance, and range of species (areas of interest include high-charge-state sources for heavy ions, sources for negative and light ions, and polarized sources for hydrogen ions and electrons); (2) ion sources for radioactive beams (emphasizing high efficiency, high-charge-state ions, high temperature operation for coupling to high temperature production targets, and element selectivity; e.g., through the use of laser ionization); (3) techniques for secondary radioactive beam collection, charge equilibration, and cooling; (4) methods to increase the charge state of ion beams (e.g., by the use of special electron-cyclotron-resonance ionizers or special stripping techniques); (5) power supplies to drive these sources; (6) high brightness electron beam sources utilizing continuous wave superconducting rf cavities with integral photocathodes operating at high acceleration gradients; and (7) methods to improve high voltage stand-off and reduce field emission from high voltage electrodes in the presence of work function lowering material (i.e., cesium) in order to enhance the performance of photoemission electron sources.

Grant applications are also sought to develop target materials for radioactive beam production. These targets must be capable of use with beams of protons, neutrons, or heavy ions, with beam power of 10-100 kW, and must be configured for rapid release of isotopes and permit close coupling to an ion source to generate high intensity radioactive beams.

d. Accelerator Control and Diagnostics - Grant applications are sought for: (1) "intelligent" software and hardware to facilitate the improved control and optimization of charged particle accelerators and associated components for nuclear physics research (developments that offer generic solutions to problems in the initial choice of operation parameters and the optimization of selected beam parameters with automatic tuning are especially encouraged); (2) advanced beam diagnostics concepts and devices that provide high speed computer-compatible measurement and monitoring of particle beam intensity, position, emittance, polarization, luminosity, momentum profile, time of arrival, and energy (including such advanced methods as neural networks or expert systems and techniques that are nondestructive to the beams being monitored); (3) beam diagnostic devices that have increased sensitivities through the use of superconducting components, such as filters based on high T_c superconducting technology or Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices; (4) measurements of direct current, charged particle, average beam currents in the range 0.1 to 100 A with very high precision (<10^-4); and (5) low current beam diagnostics for radioactive ion beams (for exotic nuclei that will only be available as beams with intensities less than 10⁷ nuclei/second (with such low beam intensities, it is very difficult to use standard beam diagnostic methods).

1. Bromley, D. A., ed., "Introduction: Evolution and Use of Nuclear Detectors and Systems," Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, 162(1-3, pt.1):1-8, June 1, 1979. (ISSN: 0029-554X) (This is a special issue entitled Detectors in Nuclear Science.)

2. Duggan, J. L. and Morgan, I. L., eds., Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry, Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference Denton, TX, November 6-9, 1996, New York: American Institute of Physics, 1997. (ISBN: 1-56396-652-2) (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 392)*

3. Duggan, J. L. and Morgan, I. L., eds., Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Conference on the Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry, Denton, TX, November 7-10, 1994, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section B, Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 99(1-4), May 1995. (ISSN: 0168-583X)

4. eRHIC, An electron beam for eA and polarized ep physics at RHIC
http://quark.phy.bnl.gov/~raju/eRHIC.html

5. Facco, A., et al., "Mechanical Stabilization of Superconducting Quarter Wave Resonators," Proceedings of the 1997 17th Particle Accelerator Conference, PAC-97 Vancouver, BC, Canada, May 12-16, 1997, 3:3084-3086, IEEE, 1998. (ISBN: 0-7803-4376-X)

6. Grunder, H. A., "CEBAF - Commissioning and Future Plans," Proceedings of the 1995 Particle Accelerator Conference, Dallas, TX, May 1-5, 1995, New York: IEEE, 1995. (ISBN: 0-7803-2934-1) (IEEE Catalog No. CH35843)**

7. Harrison, M., "The RHIC Project - Status and Plans," Proceedings of the 1995 Particle Accelerator Conference, Dallas, TX, May 1-5, 1995, 1:401-405, New York: IEEE, 1995. (ISBN: 0780329341) (IEEE Catalogue No. 95CH35843) (Also available in book form: Grupen, C., ed., Particle Detectors, Monographs on Particle Physics, Nuclear Physics & Cosmology, no. 5, Cambridge University Press, July 1996. ISBN: 0521552168)**

8. Hill, C. and Vretenar, M., Proceedings of the 18th International Linac Conference, Geneva, Switzerland, August 26-30, 1996, 2 Vols., Geneva, Switzerland: CERN, 1996. (ISBN: 92-9083-093-X) (CERN Publ. 96-07) (Full text of proceedings available at : http://linac96.web.cern.ch/Linac96/Proceedings/)

9. Kraimer, M., et al., "Experience with EPICS in a Wide Variety of Applications," Proceedings of the 1997 Particle Accelerator Conference, Vancouver, BC, Canada, May 12-16, 1997, 2:2403-2409, IEEE, 1998. (ISBN: 078034376X)

10. Litvinenko, V. N., et al., "Gamma- Ray Production in a Storage Ring Free-Electron Laser," Physical Review Letters, 78(24):4569-4572, June 16, 1997. (ISSN: 0031-9007)

11. Ludlam, T. W. and Stevens, A. J., A Brief Description of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider Facility, Brookhaven National Laboratory, June 1993. (Report No. BNL-49177) (NTIS Order No. DE93040311)***

12. Proceedings of the 1999 Particle Accelerator Conference, New York, Mar. 29th-Apr. 2nd, 1999, IEEE, 1998. (IEEE Catalog No. 99CH36366)**

13. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Ion Sources, Kyoto, Japan, September 6-10, 1999, Review of Scientific Instruments, 71(2):603-1239, February 2000. (ISSN: 0034-6748)

14. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Ion Sources, Bensheim, Germany, Sept. 30-Oct. 4, 1991, Review of Scientific Instruments, 63(4):2125-2910, April 1992. (ISSN: 00346748)

15. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Ion Sources, Whistler, BC, Canada, September 10-16, 1995, Review of Scientific Instruments, 67(3, Part 2):878-1683, 1996. (ISSN: 0034-6748)

16. Scientific Opportunities with an Advanced ISOL Facility, November 1997,
http://www.phy.anl.gov/ria/index.html  (Scroll down right hand side of page to title. Click on title to access 86-page pdf file.)

17. Stephenson, E. J. and Vigdor, S. E., eds., Polarization Phenomena in Nuclear Physics: Eighth International Symposium, Bloomington, IN, September 1994, Woodbury, NY: American Institute of Physics, September 1995. (ISBN: 1563964821) (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 339) (ISSN: 0094-243X)*

* Available from Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. Telephone: 800-777-4643. Website: http://www.springer-ny.com/aip/

** Available from IEEE Service Center. Telephone: 800-678-4333. Web site: http://www.ieee.org/

***Available from National Technology Information Service. See Section 7.1

The Department of Energy (DOE) is interested in supporting projects that may lead to advances in target and detection systems for nuclear physics experiments. Opportunities exist for developing equipment beyond the present state-of-the-art and outside the usual scope of research and development activities at the nuclear physics national accelerator facilities and university programs. In addition, a new suite of next-generation detectors will be needed for the proposed Rare Isotope Accelerator, the energy upgrade at TJNAF, the luminosity upgrade at RHIC, and the electron-ion accelerator. All grant applications must explicitly show relevance to the nuclear physics program. Grant applications are sought only in the following subtopics:

a. Advances in Particle Detector Technology - Nuclear physics research has a need for devices for detecting and analyzing charged particles, neutrons, photons, and single atoms. These devices include: solid-state devices such as silicon strip and silicon drift detectors; photosensitive devices such as photodiodes, avalanche photodiodes, hybrid photomultiplier devices, single and multi anode photomultiplier tubes, and other novel photon detectors; detectors utilizing photocathodes for Cherenkov and UV light detection, and the development of new types of large area photoemissive materials such as solid, liquid, or gas photocathodes; micro-channel plates; gas-filled detectors such as proportional, drift, streamer, Cherenkov, micro-strip, gas electron multiplier detectors, resistive plate chambers, and straw drift tube chambers; liquid argon and xenon ionization chambers; single-atom detectors using laser techniques and electromagnetic traps; particle polarization detectors; magnetic spectrometer components and systems; electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters; and position-sensitive segmented germanium detectors. Grant applications are sought to develop advancements in detector technology for all of the above-mentioned detectors.

With respect to solid state tracking devices, particularly silicon drift, strip, and pixel detectors, grant applications are sought for: (1) manufacturing techniques, including interconnection technologies, for high granularity, high resolution, light-weight, and radiation-hard solid state devices; (2) highly arrayed solid state detectors for neutron detection, with integrated electronics to read-out pulse height. (for example, silicon strip or pixel arrays with integrated electronics and coating could be developed so that an alpha-particle is produced when hit with a thermal or cold neutron - the alpha-particle would recoil into the silicon for measurement resulting in an inexpensive, large acceptance, high rate device); (3) thicker (more than one mm) segmented silicon charged particle and x-ray detectors and associated high density, high resolution electronics; and (4) cost-effective production of n-type and p-type silicon drift chambers with active areas greater than 16 cm².

With respect to position sensitive particle tracking devices, grant applications are sought for: (1) position sensitive, high resolution, germanium gamma-ray detectors (determining the exact position, within a few millimeters, and energy of individual interactions of gamma-rays in germanium detectors, and allowing for the reconstruction of the energy and path of individual gamma-rays using tracking techniques); (2) alternative materials, with the same resolution as germanium for gamma-ray detection, but with significantly higher efficiency and relatively higher temperature operation (in order to overcome the costly and bulky requirement to cool germanium detectors to liquid nitrogen temperatures - this would allow for new detector applications in nuclear physics, medical imaging, etc.); (3) advances in more conventional tracking detector systems, such as drift chambers, pad chambers, time expansion chambers, and time proportional chambers (areas of interest include improved gases or gas additives - that resist aging, improve detector resolution, decrease flammability, and offer larger/more uniform drift velocity - for these chambers, and the development of innovative trackers for RHIC and CEBAF physics such as a fiber optic tracking device).

With respect to particle identification detectors, grant applications are sought for: (1) inexpensive, large-area, high-quality Cherenkov materials; (2) inexpensive, position sensitive large-sized photomultiplier tubes for Cherenkov counters; (3) affordable methods for the large volume production of xenon and krypton gas (which would contribute to the development of transition radiation detectors and would also have many applications in X-ray detectors); and (4) very high resolution particle detectors or bolometers based on semiconductor materials and cryogenic techniques.

Grant applications are also sought for new detector materials for high resolution, light charged particle detectors, capable of measuring energies of alpha particles and protons with less than 5 keV resolution. This would allow spectroscopy experiments using light charged particles to be performed in the same way as gamma spectroscopy, enabling a deeper understanding of nuclear excitations not currently possible with gamma-ray spectroscopy.

b. Scintillators and Associated Materials - Grant applications are sought to develop new materials or advancements for: (1) scintillator materials for high resolution X-ray detectors (CdZeTe, AlSb, etc.); (2) plastic scintillators, fibers, and wavelength shifters; (3) cryogenic liquid scintillation gamma ray detectors (LXe); (3) Cherenkov radiator materials with indices of refraction up to 1.10 or greater with good optical transparency; and (4) stable calorimeter materials in single block lengths (up to 20 radiation lengths) which could be produced in large quantities and at low cost; and composite materials with high radiation resistance.

Grant applications are also sought for new scintillation materials for use in large intermediate-energy photon detector arrays. These materials must exhibit a light output comparable or greater than bismuth germinate, have a fast decay time (in the range from less than one nanosecond to a few tens of nanoseconds) with no slow component, be useful for high rate and/or time of flight applications, have their density and mean nuclear charge be such that the radiation length is less than 2 cm, and be capable of fabrication in large pieces (up to 20 radiation lengths) at reasonable costs.

c. Nuclear Targets - Grant applications are sought for the development of special nuclear targets, which specifically and explicitly address nuclear physics research needs. These special targets include: polarized (with nuclear spins aligned) high-density gas or solid targets; windowless gas targets and supersonic jet targets, for use with very low energy charged particle beams; and liquid, gaseous, and solid targets capable of high power dissipation when high intensity, low emittance charged particle beams are used. There is also interest in new technology for the production of ultra-thin films for targets, strippers, and detector windows.

d. Adhesives - Grant applications are sought to develop special epoxies that could improve the assembly of detectors used in nuclear physics. Of particular interest is an adhesive that can be applied to pieces in a fixture but does not set until an external stimulus is applied (analogous to UV epoxies that cure upon the addition of UV light, except that, in this case, the epoxy is not exposed once the pieces to be glued are assembled in a fixture).

1. Almeida, J., "Review of the Development of Cesium Iodide Photocathodes for Application to Large RICH Detectors", Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, A367(1-3):332-336, December 11, 1995. (ISSN: 0168-9002)

2. Bauer, C., et al. , "Recent Results from Diamond Microstrip Detectors," Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, A 367(1-3):202-206. December 11, 1995. (ISSN: 0167-0587)

3. Bellwied, R., et al., "Development of Large Linear Silicon Drift Detectors for the STAR Experiment at RHIC," Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, A377 (2-3):387-392, August 1,1996. (ISSN: 0167-0587)

4. Bromley, D. A., "Evolution and Use of Nuclear Detectors and Systems," Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, 162(1-3, pt. I):1-8, June 1-15, 1979. (ISSN: 0029-554X)

5. Conceptual Design Report for the Solenoidal Tracker at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, June 15, 1992. (Report No. LBL-PUB-5347) (NTIS Order No. DE92041174)

6. Contin, A., et al., "New Results in Optical Fiber Cherenkov Calorimetry," Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, A 367(1-3):271-275, December 11, 1995. (ISSN: 0168-9002)

7. Davinson, T., et al., "Development of a Silicon Strip Detector Array for Nuclear Structure Physics," Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, A288(1):245-249, March 1, 1990. (ISSN: 0168-9002).

8. Deleplanque, M. A., et al., "GRETA: Utilizing New Concepts in Gamma Ray Detection," Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, A430(2-3):292-310, July 1999. (ISSN: 0167-0587) {Also available on web under "Documents" at http://greta.lbl.gov/)

9. Eisen, Y., et al., "CdTe and CdZnTe Gamma Ray Detectors for Medical and Industrial Imaging Systems," Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, A428(1):158-176, June 1999. (ISSN: 0168-9002)

10. Gatti, E., et al., "Silicon Drift Chambers - First Results and Optimum Processing of Signals," Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, A226 (1):129-141, September 15, 1984. (ISSN: 0167-0587)

11. Grupen, C., Particle Detectors, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. (ISBN: 0-521-55216-8)

12. Hershcovitch, A., "A Plasma Window for Vacuum-Atmosphere Interface and Focusing Lens of Sources for Nonvacuum Ion Material Modification," from a paper presented at the 7th International Conference on Ion Sources, Taormina, Italy, September 7-13, 1997, Review of Scientific Instruments, 69(2):868-873, February1998. (ISSN: 0034-6748)

13. Knowles, P. E., "A Windowless Frozen Hydrogen Target System," Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, A368(3):604-610, January 11, 1996. (ISSN: 0168-9002)

14. Libby, B., et al., "Particle Identifiaction in TEC/TRD Prototypes for the PHENIX Detector at RHIC." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, A 367(1-3):244-247, December 11, 1995. (ISSN: 0168-9002)

15. Meier, J., et al., "Energy Sensitive Detection of Heavy Ions with Transition Edge Calorimeters," Journal of Low Temperature Physics, 93(3-4):231-238, November 1993. (ISSN: 0022-2291)

16. PHENIX Conceptual Design Report: an Experiment to be Performed at the Brookhaven National Laboratory Relativistic Heavy ion Collider, Brookhaven National Laboratory, January 29, 1993. (Report No. BNL-48922) (NTIS Order No. DE93015759)

17. Sellin, P. J., et al., "A Double Sided Silicon Strip Detector System for Proton Radioactivity Studies," Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, A311 (1-2):217-223, January 1, 1992. (ISSN: 0168-9002)

18. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Solid State Detectors for the 21st Century, Osaka, Japan, December 4-6, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, A 436(1-2) October 21, 1999. (ISSN: 0168-9002)

19. Vetter, K., et al., "Three-Dimensional Position Sensitivity in Two-Dimensionally Segmented HP-Ge Detectors," Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, A452(1-2):223-238, September 21, 2000. (ISSN: 0167-0587) (Also available on the Web under "Documents" at http://greta.lbl.gov)

The DOE seeks developments in detector instrumentation electronics with improved energy, position and timing resolution, sensitivity, rate capability, stability, dynamic range, durability, and background suppression. Of particular interest is innovative readout electronics for use with the nuclear physics detectors described in Topic 30. All grant applications must explicitly show relevance to the nuclear physics program. Grant applications are sought only in the following subtopics:

a. Advances in Digital Electronics - Digital signal processing electronics is needed to replace analog signal processing in nuclear physics applications. Grant appli-cations are sought to develop: (1) digital processors that include the features of current main amplifiers, such as pile-up rejection and ballistic deficit correction; (2) digital pulse processing electronics for solid state detectors, in particular for position sensitive detectors; and (3) fast digital processing electronics in order to determine the position of interaction points (of particle collisions) to an accuracy smaller than the size of the detector segments (note that it will be important to

b. Integrated Circuits - Grant applications are sought for special purpose, custom designed integrated circuits and for circuits and systems for rapidly processing data from highly segmented, position-sensitive germanium detectors (pixel sizes of approximately 1 cm²) and from particle detectors (e.g., gas detectors, scintillation counters, silicon drift chambers, silicon strip detectors, particle calorimeters, and Cherenkov counters) used in nuclear physics experiments. Areas of specific interest include (1) representative circuits such as low noise preamplifiers, amplifiers, analog storage devices, analog-to-digital and time-to-digital converters, transient digitizers, and time-to-amplitude converters; (2) readout electronics for solid-state pixilated detectors, including interconnection technologies and amplifier/sample and hold integrated circuits; and (3) a constant fraction discriminator that has uniform response for low and high energy gamma-rays, as well as a discriminator that can separate neutrons and gamma rays. These circuits should be fast, low-cost, high-density, and configurable in software for thresholds, gains, etc. Compatibility with one of the widely used module interconnection standards (FASTBUS, VMEbus, etc.) would also be highly desirable, as would low power consumption, advanced packaging, adaptability to a large number of multiple channels, and commercial digitizing circuits (ICs, ADCs, FADCs, and TDCs) made available as multi-channel chips (4X, 8X, 16X ...).

In addition, planned luminosity upgrades at RHIC and experiments at the Large Hadron Collider will require fine-grained vertex and tracking detector (both silicon and gas) for high particle multiplicity environments. Therefore, grant applications are sought for advances in microelectronics that are specifically designed for low noise amplification and processing of detector signals and that are suitable for these next generation detectors. The microelectronics and associated interconnections will need to be lightweight and have low power dissipation. Designs that minimize higher gate leakage currents due to tunneling and maintain dynamic range would be of particular interest.

c. Advanced Devices and Systems - Grant applications are sought for improved or advanced devices and systems used in conjunction with the electronic circuits and systems described in subtopics a and b. Areas of interest include bus systems, data links, event handlers, multiple processors, and fast buffered time and analog digitizers. Generalized software and hardware packages, with improved graphic and visualization capabilities, for the acquisition and analysis of nuclear physics research data are also of interest.

d. Manufacturing Techniques - Grant applications are sought to develop: (1) manufacturing techniques for large, thin, multiple-layer printed circuit boards (PCBs) with plated-through holes with dimensions from 2m x 2m to 5m x 5m and 100-200 micron thick (these PCBs would have use in cathode pad chambers, cathode strip chambers, time projection chamber cathode boards, etc); (2) techniques to add plated-through holes in a reliable, robust way to large rolls of metallized mylar or kapton (this would have applications in detectors such as time expansion chambers or large cathode strip chambers); and (3) miniaturization techniques for connectors and cables with 5 times to 10 times the density of standard interdensity connectors.

1. 1999 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, Seattle, WA, October 24-30, 1999, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 47 (3 pt.2):729-1257, June 2000. (ISSN: 0018-9499)

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4. PHENIX Conceptual Design Report An Experiment to be Performed at the Brookhaven National Laboratory Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, Brookhaven National Laboratory, January 29, 1993. (Report No. BNL-48922) (NTIS Order No. DE93015759)*

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* Available from the National Technical Information Service. See Section 7.1.