PROGRAM AREA OVERVIEW

PROGRAM AREA OVERVIEW --
HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS

http://www.er.doe.gov/henp/index.htm

Through fundamental research, scientists have found that all physical matter is composed of apparently point-like particles, called leptons and quarks. These constituents of matter were created following the "big-bang" which originated our universe and they are components of every object that exists today. We also understand a great deal about the four basic forces of nature which we experience: electromagnetism, the strong-nuclear force, the weak force, and gravity. For example, in the past we have learned that the electromagnetic and weak forces are two components of a single force, called the electro-weak force. This is analogous to the conceptual unification in the mid-nineteenth century of the electric and magnetic forces into the theory of electromagnetism. History shows that, over a period of many years, the understanding of electromagnetism has led to many practical applications that form the technical basis of modern society.

The goal of the Department's High Energy Physics (HEP) program, is to provide mankind with new insights into the fundamental nature of energy and matter and the forces that control them. This program is a major component of the Department's fundamental research mission. Such fundamental research provides the necessary foundation that enables the nation to progress in its science and technology capabilities, to advance its industrial competitiveness, and to discover new and innovative approaches to our energy future.

Experimental research in HEP is primarily performed by university scientists using particle accelerators located at major laboratories in the U.S. and abroad. Under the HEP program, the Department operates the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) near Chicago, IL and the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) near San Francisco, CA. Further, the Department has a significant role in the Large Hadron Collider project at the CERN laboratory in Switzerland. The Tevatron at Fermilab is currently the world's highest energy accelerator. SLAC also provides unique experimental capabilities.

While much progress has been made during the past three decades in our understanding of particle physics, future progress depends on the availability of new state-of-the-art technology for accelerators, colliders, and detectors operating at the high energy and/or high intensity frontiers.

Within High Energy Physics, the High Energy Technology subprogram supports the research and development required to extend relevant areas of technology in order to support the operations of highly specialized accelerators, colliding beam facilities, and detector facilities which are essential to the goals of the overall High Energy Physics program. The Department of Energy SBIR program provides a focused opportunity and mechanism for small businesses to contribute new ideas and new technologies to the pool of knowledge and technical capabilities required for continued progress in high energy physics research, and to turn these novel ideas and technologies into new business ventures. The technical topics that follow include four accelerator-related topics and two detector-related topics.

42. HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING

The Department of Energy supports the development of advanced electronics and computational technologies for the recording, processing, storage, distribution, and analysis of experimental data that is essential to experiments and particle accelerators used for high energy physics research. Areas of present interest include event triggering, data acquisition, scalable clustered computers systems, distributed collaborative infrastructure, distributed data management and analysis frameworks, and distributed software development useful to high energy physics experiments and particle accelerators. Grant applications must clearly and specifically indicate their relevance to present or future high energy physics programmatic activities.

Although particle physics detector instrumentation, data processing and analysis, and software development typically occur in large collaborative efforts at national particle accelerator centers, there are efforts where small businesses can make innovative and creative contributions to the further development of the required advanced technologies. Applicants are encouraged to collaborate with active high energy elementary particle physicists at universities or national laboratories to establish mutually beneficial goals. On-line directories of appropriate researchers are available by institution at http://www.hep.net/sites/directories.html. Grant applications which propose using the resources of a third party (such as a DOE laboratory) must include, in the application, a letter of certification from an authorized official of that organization. Grant applications are sought only in the following subtopics:

a. High-Speed Electronic Instrumentation—Grant applications are sought to develop components, electronics, systems, and instrumentation modules as follows:

(1) Special purpose chips and devices are sought for use in the internal circuitry employed in large particle detectors. Desirable features include low noise, low power consumption, high packing density, radiation resistance, very high response speed, and/or high adaptability to situations requiring multiple parallel channels. Desirable functions include amplifiers, counters, analog pulse storage devices, decoders, encoders, analog-to-digital converters, controllers, and communications interface devices.

(2) Circuits and systems are sought for rapidly processing data from particle detectors such as proportional wire chambers, scintillation counters, silicon microstrip detectors, particle calorimeters, and Cerenkov counters. Representative processing functions and circuits include low noise pulse amplifiers and preamplifiers, high speed counters (>300 MHz), and time-to-amplitude converters. Compatibility with one of the widely used module interconnection standards (e.g., FASTBUS, or VMEbus) is highly desirable, as would be low power consumption, high component density, and/or adaptability to large numbers of multiple channels.

(3) Advanced, high speed logic arrays and microprocessor systems are sought for fast event identification, event trigger generation, and data processing with very high throughput capability. Such systems should be compatible with or implemented in one of the widely used module interconnection standards (e.g., FASTBUS, or VMEbus).

(4) Much of the electronics instrumentation in use in high energy physics is packaged in one of the international module inter-connection standards (e.g., FASTBUS, or VMEbus). Therefore, grant applications are sought for modules that will provide capabilities not previously available, for substantial performance enhancement to existing types of modules, and for components, devices, or systems that will enhance or significantly extend the capability or functionality of one of the standard systems. Examples include large and/or fast buffer memories, single module computer systems (either general purpose or special purpose), display modules, interconnection systems, communication modules and systems, and disk-drive interface modules.

b. Large Scale Analysis Computer Systems—Grant applications are sought to develop: (1) computer system components and supporting software enabling large scale and open use of storage networks, especially for magnetic disks, optical disks, and magnetic tapes; (2) computer system components and supporting software enabling the use of TCP/IP protocols in a more efficient manner over a local area network; (3) computer software or systems for monitoring and operating heterogeneous computer systems and networks for functionality, performance, and manageability criteria (also, ease of software installation on hundreds of computers would be desired); (4) methods for integrating distributed authority and access control into distributed data systems; and/or (5) improvements to the quality, reliability and cost effectiveness of petabyte storage systems. Proposed efforts must address identified computing problems related to diverse, large scale computing systems that support particle physics analysis.

c. Distributed Collaborative Infrastructure and Distributed Data Management and Analysis Frameworks—Advanced computational tools and software are needed to strengthen the ability of dispersed particle physics researchers to collaborate and to address problems related to the acquisition, handling, storage, analysis, and visualization of large datasets by these distributed collaborations. Grant applications are sought to develop: (1) client-server frameworks and Web tools for creating collaborative environments, facilitating remote participation of detector experts at the data collection stage and allowing collaborators to remotely monitor experiments; (2) software project management tools; (3) computer system components and supporting software incorporating the use of Quality of Service features generally available in wide area networks; (4) portable systems to hold very large collections of data of the type created in connection with the operation of very large detectors, along with data management tools; (5) visualization and software environments appropriate for physics analysis; (6) software to support data systems distributed over a wide area network; (7) framework, interconnects, and other peripherals which allow the use and orderly aggregation of commodity computers and computer peripherals at larger than normal scales, or at higher performance levels than usual; and/or (8) software development tools for the production of computer software to meet identified problems related to distributed, large scale software development, configuration management, and data analysis. For (8), approaches of interest include distributed portable testing and Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE), including configuration management tools for a portable, distributed environment; (9) Web tools for remote data selection ("skimming"); and (10) neural nets for optimization of data cuts and pattern recognition.

References:

1. 1991 Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, Santa Fe, New Mexico, November 2-9, 1991, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 39(4): 486-1179, August 1992. (ISSN: 0018-9499)

2. Abashian, A., ed., Particles and Fields--1983, Blacksburg, VA, September 15, 1983, New York: American Institute of Physics, 1984. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 112) (DOE Report No. CONF-8309196) (NTIS Order No. TI84008600)*

3. ATLAS Collaboration, ATLAS Technical Proposal for a General-Purpose pp Experiment at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, Geneva, Switzerland: CERN - European Laboratory for Particle Physics, December 1994. (Document No. CERN/LHCC/94-43) (Contact Scientific Information Service, CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23 Switzerland. URL: http://library.cern.ch/index.html)

5. Bromley, D. A., “Evolution and Use of Nuclear Detectors and Systems,” Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, 162(1-3, pt. I): 1-8, 1979. (ISSN: 0029-554X)

6. Documents Relating to US-CMS Software and Computing, CERN--European Laboratory for Particle Physics

7. Duggan, J. L. and Morgan, I. L., eds., Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry: Proceedings of the 14th International Conference, Denton, TX, November 6-9, 1996, 2 vols., New York: American Institute of Physics, May 1997. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 392) (ISBN: 1-563-96652-2) (Available from Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. Telephone: 800-777-4643. Web site: http://www.springer-ny.com)

8. Fifth Conference on Real-Time Computer Applications in Nuclear, Particle, and Plasma Physics, San Francisco, CA, May 12-14, 1987, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, NS-34(4), August 1987. (ISSN: 0018-9499)

9. IEEE Standard FASTBUS Modular High-Speed Data Acquisition and Control System: An American National Standard, 1993. (ISBN: 1559373962)

10. IEEE Standard for VMEbus Extensions for Instrumentation, VXI-Bus, September 1992. (ISBN: 1559372605)

11. IEEE Standard Modular Instrumentation and Digital Interface System (CAMAC), February 26, 1982. (ISBN: 1559376325)

12. IEEE Standard for a Versatile Backplane Bus: VMEbus, October 1985. (ISBN: 1559376740)

13. Kleinknecht, K., Detectors for Particle Radiation, Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1986. (ISBN: 0521304245)

14. Perkins, D. H., An Introduction to High Energy Physics, Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 1982. (ISBN: 0-201-05757-3)

15. Regler, M., et al., Data Analysis Techniques in High Energy Physics Experiments, Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1990. (ISBN: 0521341957)

* Available from National Technology Information Service. See Solicitation General Information and Guidelines, section 7.1.

43. HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS DETECTORS

The Department of Energy (DOE) supports research and development in a wide range of technologies essential to experiments in high energy physics and to the accelerators at DOE and university high energy accelerator laboratories. The development of advanced technologies for particle detection and identification for use in high energy physics experiments or particle accelerators is desired. Principal areas of interest include particle detectors based on new techniques and technological developments (e.g., superconductivity or solid-state devices) or detectors which can be used in novel ways as a consequence of associated technological developments in electronics (e.g., sensitivity or bandwidth), with particular interest in devices exhibiting insensitivity to very high radiation levels. Also of interest are novel experimental systems that use new detectors or use old ones in new ways that either extend basic high energy physics experimental research capabilities or result in less costly and less complex apparatus. Grant applications must clearly and specifically indicate their particular relevance to high energy physics programmatic activities.

Although particle physics detector development is often concentrated at major national particle accelerator centers, there are many developmental endeavors, especially in collaborative efforts, where small businesses can make creative and innovative contributions that further develop the required advanced technologies. Nonetheless, applicants are encouraged to collaborate with active high energy elementary particle physicists at universities or national laboratories to establish mutually beneficial goals. On-line directories of appropriate researchers are available at http://www.hep.net/sites/directories.html. Grant applications are sought only in the following subtopics:

a. Particle Detection and Identification Devices—Grant applications are sought for novel devices in the areas of charged and neutral particle detection and identification. Examples include, but are not limited to, semiconductor particle detectors (silicon, CVD diamond, or other semiconductors), light-emitting particle detectors (scintillating materials including fibers and crystals or Cherenkov radiators), photosensitive detectors that could be used with light-emitting detectors (photomultipliers, micro-channel plates, photosensitive semiconductors), gas or liquid-filled chambers (used for particle tracking or in electromagnetic or hadronic calorimeters, Cherenkov or transition radiation detectors).

The proposed devices must be explicitly related to future high-energy physics experiments, either accelerator or non-accelerator based, or to future uses in particle accelerators. Relevant potential improvements over existing devices and techniques must be discussed explicitly (e.g., radiation hardness, energy, position, and timing resolution, sensitivity, rate capability, stability, dynamic range, durability, cost). Electromagnetic calorimeters, also called shower counters or gamma ray detectors, must be optimized for photons with energies above 1 GeV. X-ray detectors are not relevant to this topic.

b. Detector Support and Integration Components—High energy physics experiments frequently require high performance detector support that will not compromise the precision of the detectors. Therefore, grant applications are sought for components used to support or integrate detectors into high-energy physics experiments. The support components must be well matched to the detectors and possess some or all of the following features: low mass, high strength or stiffness, low intrinsic radioactivity, exceptionally high or exceptionally low thermal conductivity, and low cost. Grant applications are also sought for alignment and cooling systems.

1. Abashian, A., ed., “Particles and Fields - 1983,” AIP Conference Proceedings No. 112; Particles and Fields, Subseries No. 32, American Institute of Physics, 1984. (NTIS Order No. T184008600. Available from National Technology Information Service. See Solicitation Information and Guidelines, section 7.1)

2. Abe, F., et al., “The CDF Detector: An Overview,” Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research, Section A¾Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 271(3): 387-403, 1988. (ISSN: 0168-9002)

3. Amidei, D., et al., “The Silicon Vertex Detector of the Collider Detector at Fermilab,” Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research, Section A, Accelerators,Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 350(1-2):73-130, October 15, 1994. (ISSN: 0168-9002)

4. Bock, R. K. and Regler, M., Data Analysis Techniques in High Energy Physics Experiments, Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1990. (ISBN: 0-521-34195-7)

5. Bromley, D. A., “Evolution and Use of Nuclear Detectors and Systems,” Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, 162(1-3): 1-8, June 15, 1979. (ISSN:0029-554X)

6. Cline, D. B., “Low-Energy Ways to Observe High-Energy Phenomena,” Scientific American, 271(3): 40-47, September 1994. (ISSN: 0036-8733)

7. Duggan, J. L. and Morgan, I. L., eds., Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry: Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on the Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry, Denton, TX, November 4-7, 1998, New York: American Institute of Physics, 1999. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 475) (ISBN: 1-56396-825-8) (Available from Springer- Verlag New York, Inc. Web site: http://www.springer-ny.com)

8. Kleinknecht, K., Detectors for Particle Radiation, Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1986. (ISBN: 0-521-30424-5)

9. Litke, A. M. and Schwarz, A. S., “The Silicon Microstrip Detector,” Scientific American, 272(5): 76-81, May 1995. (ISSN: 0036-8733)

10. Perkins, D. H., An Introduction to High Energy Physics, Addison-Wesley Longman, 1982. (ISBN: 0-201-05757-3)

44. ADVANCED CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGY FOR HIGH ENERGY ACCELERATORS

The Department of Energy (DOE) High Energy Physics program supports a broad research and development (R&D) effort in the science, engineering, and technology of charged particle accelerators, storage rings, and associated apparatus. Advanced R&D is needed in support of this program in the following areas: (1) new concepts for acceleration, (2) novel device and instrumentation development, (3) inexpensive electron sources, and (4) computer software that will contribute to overall advances in accelerator technology applicable to high energy physics research. Relevance to applications in high energy physics must be explicitly described in the submitted grant applications. Advanced accelerator R&D more appropriate to applications in nuclear physics is specifically excluded from this topic and should be submitted under Topic 36. Grant applications that propose using resources of a third party (such as a DOE Laboratory) must include, in the application, a letter of certification from an authorized official of that organization. Grant applications are sought only in the following subtopics:

a. New Concepts for Acceleration—Grant applications are sought to develop new or improved acceleration concepts. Designs should provide very high gradient (>100 MeV/m for electrons or >10 MeV/m for protons) acceleration of intense bunches of particles, or efficient acceleration of intense (>50 mA) low energy (of order <20 MeV) proton beams. One possible concept might include the fabrication of accelerator structures from materials such as Si or SiO₂, using integrated circuit technology; in this case, power sources might include lasers in the wavelength range from 1 to 2.5 micrometers. For all proposed concepts, stageability, beam stability, manufacturability, and high wall plug-to-beam power efficiency must be addressed in detail. Grant applications must also address the marketability of any systems, technologies, and devices to be developed.

b. Novel Device and Instrumentation Development—Grant applications are sought for the development of electromagnetic, permanent magnet, or silicon microcircuit-based charged particle optical elements for particle beam focusing. Examples include, but are not limited to, dipoles, quadrupoles, higher order multipole correctors for use in electron linear accelerators, and solenoids for use in electron-beam or ion-beam sources or for klystron or other radio frequency amplifier tubes operating at wavelengths from 0.1 to 10 cm. In these optical elements, permanent magnets or hybrid magnets incorporating magnetic materials that have very high residual magnetization, radiation resistance, and thermal stability (low variation of field strength with temperature) are of particular interest.

Grant applications are also sought for: (1) novel charged particle beam monitors to measure the transverse or longitudinal charge distribution or emittance, or phase-space distributions of small radius (0.1 micrometers to 5 millimeters diameter), short length (10 micrometers to 10 millimeters) relativistic electron or ion beams; (2) devices capable of measuring and recording the Schottky or transition radiation spectrum of these beams (proposed techniques should be nondestructive or minimally perturbative to the beams monitored and have computer-compatible readouts); and (3) lasers for laser-accelerator applications that provide substantial improvements over currently available lasers in one or more of the following parameters: longer wavelengths (2 to 2.5 micrometers for use with Si transmissive optics), very short wavelengths (< 200 nanometers) with low mode numbers (M-squared < 100) and high pulse energy (> 0.1 J) for photo-ionized plasma sources, higher power, higher repetition rates, or shorter pulse widths.

Grant applications are sought to develop high density (range of 1018-1020 cm-3), high repetition rate (10 Hz) pulsed gas jets, capable of producing fan-shaped gas plumes with long lengths on the centimeter scale and narrow widths of a few hundred microns. These gas jets are to be used in laser wakefield accelerators. The gas plumes should have sharp edge gradients, on the order of 100 microns. The gas jet system should have the flexibility to offer longitudinal density profile control using, for example, multi-nozzle systems produced, potentially, with Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems technology. Ideally, the pulse duration of the jets should be less than 1 ms to minimize the amount of gas loading in vacuum chambers.

Grant applications are also sought for the development of novel devices and instrumentation for use in the cooling (transverse and longitudinal emittance reduction) of muon beams. Approaches of interest include the development of: concepts or devices for ionization cooling, including emittance exchange processes; instrumentation for muon cooling channels with muon intensities of 10¹² muons/pulse; or fast (of order 10 picosecond) timing detectors for muon cooling experiments with low muon intensity (of order 10⁵ muons/second).

c. Inexpensive High Quality Electron Sources—Grant applications are sought for the design and prototype fabrication of small, inexpensive (<$1 million) electron sources for use in advanced accelerator R&D laboratory experiments. The following parameters are target values for accelerator research experiments: (1) energy range of 5 to 35 MeV providing, at a minimum, on the order of 10⁹ electrons in a bunch less than 5 picoseconds long; (2) normalized transverse beam emittance less than or equal to 5 pi mm-mrad; and (3) pulse repetition rate greater than 10 Hz. Grant applications are also sought for significantly lower bunch charges, energies, and emittances – yet with comparable or greater peak currents and significantly higher repetition rates – for bunches from a matrix cathode. In addition, grant applications are sought to develop a bright DC/RF photocathode electron source that combines a pulsed high electric field DC gun and a high field rf accelerator, operates at a repetition rate of several kHz, and has electron bunch specifications that are similar to those listed above.

Grant applications also are sought for the development of radio frequency photocathodes (robust, with quantum efficiencies >0.1 percent) or other novel rf gun technologies operating at output electron beam energies >3 MeV. Laser or electron driven systems for such guns are also sought.

Finally, grant applications are sought for research and development on electron sources to be used as polarized beam injectors for linear accelerators, including linear colliders. These sources should be gated with pulses or pulse trains larger than 0.1 microsecond at about 100-200 pulses per second, and on semiconductor photocathode sources of electrons with polarization greater than or on the order of 80 percent and energy in the range of a few volts to several hundred kilovolts. In addition, intensity stability <1 percent is required for polarized beams in pulsed linacs.

d. Computer Software—Grant applications are solicited for developing new or improved computer software specifically for the design or study of charged particle beam optical systems, accelerator systems, or accelerator components. Such applications should incorporate the innovative development of user-friendly interfaces with emphasis on graphical user interfaces and windows. Grant applications are also solicited for the conversion of existing codes to incorporate such interfaces, provided that existing copyrights are protected and that applications include the authors' statements of permission where appropriate.

Grant applications also are sought for improved simulation packages for injectors or photoinjectors. Specific examples include: (1) improved space-charge algorithms; (2) improved algorithms for computing self-consistently the effects of wakefields and coherent synchrotron radiation on the detailed beam dynamics; (3) improved fully 3-D algorithms for the modeling of transversely asymmetric beams; and (4) explicit end-to-end simulations that provide for more accurate beam-quality calculations in full injector systems.

Lastly, grant applications are sought to improve (1) software for command and control functions, real time database management, and status display systems encountered in state-of-the-art approaches to accelerator control; and (2) decision and database management tools, specifically for use in planning and controlling the integrated cost, schedule, and resources in large high energy physics R&D and construction projects.

1. Bisognano, J. J. and Mondelli, A. A., eds., Computational Accelerator Physics, Williamsburg, VA, September 24-27,1996, American Institute of Physics (AIP), May 1997. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 391) (ISBN: 1-56396-671-9)*

2. Chao, A. and Tigner, M., eds., Handbook of Accelerator Physics and Engineering, River Edge, NJ: World Scientific, 1999. (ISBN: 981-02-3858-4)

3. Chattopadhyay, S., et al., eds., Advanced Accelerator Concepts: Seventh Workshop, Lake Tahoe, CA, October 12-18, 1996, American Institute of Physics, 1997. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 398) (ISBN: 1-56396-697-2)*

4. Chattopadhyay, S., et al., eds., Nonlinear and Collective Phenomena in Beam Physics-1998 ICFA Workshop, Archidosso, Italy, September 1-5, 1998, American Institute of Physics, 1999. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 468) (ISBN: 1-56396-862-2)*

5. Colestock, P. and Kelley, S., eds., Advanced Accelerator Concepts Workshop, Santa Fe, NM, June 10-16, 2000, American Institute of Physics, 2001. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 569) (ISBN: 0-7354-0005-9)*

6. Duggan, J. L. and Morgan, I. L., eds., Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry: Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Conference on the Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry, Denton, TX, November 1-5, 2000, New York: American Institute of Physics, 2001. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 576) (ISBN: 0-7354-0015-6)*

7. Hettel, R. O., et al., eds., Beam Instrumentation Workshop, Stanford, CA, May 3-7, 1998, American Institute of Physics, 1998. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 451) (ISBN: 1-56396-794-4)*

8. Jacobs, K. and Sibley III, R., eds., Beam Instrumentation Workshop 2000: Ninth Workshop, Cambridge, MA, May 8-11, 2000, American Institute of Physics, 2000. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 546) (ISBN: 1-56396-975-0)*

9. Ko, K. and Ryne, R., Proceedings of the International Computational Accelerator Physics Conference, Monterey, CA, September 14-18, 1998. (Document No. SLAC-R-580) (Available on Web at: http://www.slac.stanford.edu/econf/C980914.)

10. Kurokawa, S. et al., eds., Beam Measurement: Proceedings of the Joint US-CERN-Japan-Russia School on Particle Accelerators, Montreux and CERN, Switzerland, May 11-20, 1998, River Edge, NJ: World Scientific, 1999. (ISBN: 981-02-3881-9)

11. Kurokawa, S. et al., eds., Frontiers of Accelerator Technology: Proceedings of the Joint US-CERN-Japan International School, Maui, HI, November 3-9, 1994, River Edge, NJ: World Scientific, 1996. (ISBN: 981-02-2537-7)

12. Lawson, W., et al., eds., Advanced Accelerator Concepts: Eighth Workshop, Baltimore, MD, July 6-11, 1998, American Institute of Physics, 1999. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 472) (ISBN: 1-56396-794-4)*

13. Lee, S. Y., Accelerator Physics, River Edge, NJ: World Scientific, 1999. (ISBN: 981-02-3710-3)

14. Lee, S. Y., ed., Space Charge Dominated Beams and Applications of High Brightness Beams, Bloomington, IN, October 10-13, 1995, American Institute of Physics, 1996. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 377) (ISBN: 1-56396-625-5) *

15. Lucas, P. and Webber, S., eds., Proceedings of the 2001 Particle Accelerator Conference, Chicago, IL, June 18-22, 2001, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 2001. (ISBN: 0-7803-7191-7)

16. Parsa, Z., ed., Future High Energy Colliders, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Santa Barbara, CA, October 21-25, 1996, American Institute of Physics, 1997. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 397) (ISBN: 1-56396-729-4)*

17. Parsa, Z., ed., New Modes of Particle Acceleration-Techniques and Sources, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Santa Barbara, CA, August 19-23, 1996, American Institute of Physics, 1997. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 396) (ISBN: 1-56396-728-6)*

18. Rosenzweig, J. and Serafini, L., eds., The Physics of High Brightness Beams: Proceedings of the 2nd ICFA Advanced Accelerator Workshop, Los Angeles, CA, November 9-12, 1999, River Edge, NJ: World Scientific, 2000. (ISBN: 981-02-4422-3)

19. Schoessow, P., ed., Advanced Accelerator Concepts, Fontana, WI, June 12-18, 1994, American Institute of Physics, 1995. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 335) (ISBN: 1-56396-476-7)*

* Available from Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. Telephone: 800-809-2247. Website: http://www.springer-ny.com

45. RADIO FREQUENCY ACCELERATOR TECHNOLOGY FOR HIGH ENERGY ACCELERATORS AND COLLIDERS

Advanced accelerator R&D more appropriate to applications in nuclear physics is specifically excluded from this topic and should be submitted under Topic 36. Grant applications that propose using resources of a third party (such as a DOE laboratory) must include, in the application, a letter of certification from an authorized official of that organization. Grant applications are sought only in the following subtopics:

a. Radio Frequency Acceleration Structures—Grant applications are sought for research on very high gradient rf accelerating structures, normal or superconducting, for use in accelerators and storage rings. Gradients >100 MeV/m for electrons and >10 MeV/m for protons in normal cavities are of particular interest, as are means for suppressing unwanted higher-order modes and reducing costs. For use in muon accelerator R&D, achieving gradients of 5-10 MeV/m for cavities with frequencies between 20 and 200 MHz is also of interest. Means for achieving unloaded voltage gradients >40 MeV/m and reducing costs in superconducting cavities are also of interest, as are methods for reducing surface breakdown and multipactoring (such as surface coatings or special geometries) and for suppressing unwanted higher order modes. Grant applications should be applicable to devices operating at frequencies from 1.2 to 100 GHz or between 20 and 300 MHz for muon accelerators.

b. Radio Frequency Power for University and Government Linear Accelerators—Grant applications are sought for new concepts, high-power rf components, and instrumentation for producing high peak power (>75 MW at 11 GHz, appropriately reduced when scaled to higher frequencies), narrow band, low duty-cycle, low pulse repetition frequency (approximately 0.1 to 1 kHz) pulsed rf amplifiers for application to upgrading future large electron/positron linear colliders. Potential electrical efficiencies greater than 45 percent are considered essential. Of particular interest are innovations related to cost saving, manufacturability, and electrical efficiency. For example:

(1) One way of providing rf power is the cluster klystron, a device consisting of a "cluster" of separate magnetron gun driven klystrons that share a common focusing field and accelerating gap. Such a device could give high total pulsed power with relatively small individual beam currents, and thus be capable of high efficiency. The use of magnetron guns allows the many beams to be enclosed in a compact space, and have modulation anodes that allow the current to be switched, thus eliminating the need for a pulsed high-voltage modulator. Therefore, grant applications are sought to develop cluster klystrons, as well as highly stable magnetron guns for cluster klystrons.

(2) Another way is through the use of sheet beam klystrons. Accordingly, grant applications are sought for these rf sources or their components such as single or dual sheet beam gridded or diode guns, sheet beam klystron rf structures, or whole single channel or dual channel sheet beam klystrons. Engineers at SLAC’s Klystron Department are available to assure that designs match various linear collider rf system concepts. In general, these designs must be directed toward the economical construction of a klystron capable of delivering 75-120 MW of X-band (11.424 GHz) power, in a pulse length of 600 nsec – 3.2 microseconds, to accelerator loads. Two classes of klystrons are envisioned for development: first, a cathode pulsed dual sheet beam klystron delivering 120 MW of peak power, 3.2 microseconds, 120 PPS into an rf pulse compression system that combines multiple klystron power, segmented in time to drive multiple accelerator sections; and second, a grid pulsed single or dual sheet beam klystron, 75-120 MW of peak power, 600 nsec, 120 PPS that directly drives a single accelerating structure – such a gridded, short-pulse klystron may provide an alternative to a pulse compression system for a linear collider.

(3) An advanced crossed-field amplifier or magnetron for X-band linacs may be capable of operation at lower voltage and higher peak current than klystrons, which require low perveance to be efficient. Although the long-range development goal is 50-100 MW, grant applications are sought for the initial development of an amplifier targeted at 5-10 MW, possibly with permanent magnet focusing. Additional information can be provided by Sami Tantawi at SLAC (e-mail: tantawi@SLAC.Stanford.EDU; phone 650-926-4454; fax: 650-926-5368).

Upgrades to the next generation linear collider will require many rf power handling components which are not presently available, e.g., rf windows, couplers, mode transformers, rf loads, and high power rings capable of operating at high pulse powers (20 - 100 MW), high frequencies (11 - 100 GHz), and pulse lengths of several microseconds. Grant applications are sought for passive and active rf components such as over-moded mode converters from rectangular to circular waveguide and vice versa, high-power rf windows, circulators, isolators, switches, and high-power rf pulse compression methods for use in future linear colliders.

c. New Concepts or Components for Pulsed Power Modulators and Energy Storage—Most rf power sources for future university or government linear colliders require high peak-power pulse modulators of considerably higher efficiency than presently available. Grant applications are sought for new types of modulators in the 400 kV - 1 MV range for driving currents of 200 - 800 A, with pulse lengths of 0.2 – 4.0 microseconds, and rise- and fall-times of less than 0.5 microsecond. Innovation related to cost saving, manufacturability, and electrical efficiency in modulators is especially important. Modulators with improved voltage control for rf phase stability in some alternate rf power systems are also sought. Of particular interest is the development of cathode modulators for driving single or double sheet beam diode gun klystrons, based on the Marx multiplier principle. This design should produce 400-500 kV, 3.2 microsecond pulses; have rise and fall times less than 600 nsec; and be compact and cost competitive compared to present cathode pulse modulator schemes.

Grant applications are also sought to develop improved high power solid-state switches for pulse power switching. For some applications, requirements will include the ability to switch high current pulses (2-5 kAmps) at voltage levels of 2 to 6 kV with switching times of less than 300 nsec. These switches must handle very high di/dt (20 kAmps/microsecond) at low duty cycle (<0.1 percent).

Existing IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) packages for high voltage (> 3.3kV) and high pulsed current (> 3 kAmps peak, 59 Amps average) are not optimized for very high speed pulsed power applications (6.6 MW peak for 3.2 microseconds at 120 Hz) due to failure modes induced by very rapid fall time (di/dt >10 kAmps/microsecond) and/or rise time (dV/dt >15 kV/microsecond) upon device turn-off. Therefore, grant applications are sought to reduce these failure modes through improved packaging of commercial IGBT chips, by incorporating appropriate protective circuitry in a high voltage power package designed specifically for high-speed transients. Additional information can be provided by Richard Cassel or Saul Gold at SLAC (Cassel: e-mail: rlc@SLAC.Stanford.EDU; phone: 650-926-2299; fax: 650-926-3588; Gold: e-mail: slg@SLAC.Stanford.EDU; phone: 650-926-4450; fax: 650-926-3654).

Grant applications are also solicited for the design, development, and computer modeling of a multiple, concentric, high-voltage cable that provides primary pulse energy storage for a klystron electron gun when pulsed, while also connecting the klystron to a remote grid pulser and power supply system. This power scheme would use a high voltage, multiple concentric conductor cable to store the energy delivered during the short, several hundred nanosecond, klystron cathode pulses. The pulse repetition frequency of these pulses is on the order of 100-300 Hz. The dynamic impedance of the klystron during the pulse is on the order of 750 ohms. A typical cable impedance for this sort of cable design is 35 ohms. Thus, if the cable is initially charged to 5 percent over required cathode voltage, then when the grid is pulsed and the cathode delivers full current, the cable voltage on the load end should drop to the required cathode voltage, and this voltage should be maintained until the wave-front, launched on the cable as the result of the grid switched cathode current, travels to the other end of the cable and returns to the load end. At this time, the grid would turn off the cathode current, canceling the returning wave. This dictates that the cable must have an electrical length of exactly half the cathode pulse width. The cable would then recharge slowly during the interpulse period. The cable must have good DC high voltage stand-off characteristics, while also having very low loss and dispersion functions for the traveling waves. Power systems incorporating such high voltage cables are also desired.

Lastly, grant applications are sought to develop and optimize high reliability, high energy density energy storage capacitors for future solid state pulse power systems. The capacitors must: (1) deliver high peak pulse current (5 - 8 kAmps) in the partial discharge region (less than 10 percent voltage droop during pulse), (2) be designed with very low inductance connections to allow fast rise and fall time discharge without ringing (di/dt ~ 20 kAmps/microsecond), and (3) be packaged to meet the requirements of high power solid state board layouts and have minimum production cost.

Further information regarding the last two paragraphs can be obtained from either Ron Koontz or Saul Gold at SLAC (Koontz: e-mail: rfkap@SLAC.Stanford.EDU; phone: 650-926-2528; fax: 650-926-3654; Gold: e-mail: slg@SLAC.Stanford.EDU; phone: 650-926-4450; fax: 650-926-3654).

Note: See Topic 47 regarding the solicitation of grant applications for components and systems that target the presently envisioned X-band Linear Collider.

d. Radio Frequency Power for Muon Colliders—Grant applications are sought for new concepts, approaches, or designs for radio frequency amplifiers or pulse compression schemes for use in the acceleration and ionization cooling channels of a future muon collider. The amplifiers or compressors must have high peak power (>50 MW) and pulsed, low frequency (from 2 millisecond pulses at 20 MHz to 0.1 millisecond pulses at 200 MHz). Higher power (>100 MW) pulsed sources at higher frequencies (from 30 microseconds at 400 MHz to 10 microseconds at 800 MHz) are also of interest. All muon collider amplifiers must have moderate repetition rate capability (e.g., 15 Hz). Another important factor is the cost per unit of peak power, including the cost of required power supplies.

References:

1. Carlsten, B. E., ed., High Energy Density and High Power RF: 5th Workshop on High Density and High Power RF, Snowbird, Utah, October 1-5, 2001, New York: American Institute of Physics, 2002. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 625) (ISBN: 0-7354-0078-4)*

2. Chattopadhyay, S., et al., eds., Advanced Accelerator Concepts: Seventh Workshop, Lake Tahoe, CA, October 12-18, 1996, New York: American Institute of Physics, 1997. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 398) (ISBN: 1-56396-697-2)*

3. Cline, D. B., ed., “Muon Collider Studies,” Physics Potential and Development of m⁺-m^- Colliders, Fourth International Conference, San Francisco, CA, December 1997, pp. 183-344, American Institute of Physics, 1998. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 441) (ISBN: 1-56396-723-5)*

4. Cline, D. B., ed., Physics Potential and Development of Muon Colliders and Neutrino Factories: Fifth International Conference, San Francisco, CA, December 15-17, 1999, New York: American Institute of Physics, 2000. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 542) (ISBN: 1-56396-970-X)

5. Colestock, P. and Kelley, S., eds., Advanced Accelerator Concepts Workshop, Santa Fe, NM, June 10-16, 2000, New York: American Institute of Physics, 2001. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 569) (ISBN: 0-7354-0005-9)*

6. Dolgashev, V. A. and Tantawi, S. G., “2-D Simulation of High-Efficiency Cross-Field RF Power Sources,” XX International Linac Conference, (Linac 2000), Monterey, CA, August 21-25, 2000, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, September 2000. (Report No. SLAC-PUB-8603) (Full Linac 2000 proceedings available on the Web at: http://www.slac.stanford.edu/econf/C000821/. For Dolgashev and Tantawi paper, select “Author List” on menu at left, scroll down to Dolgashev, and select “THA06.”)

7. Duggan, J. L. and Morgan, I. L., eds., Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry: Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Conference on the Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry, Denton, TX, November 1-5, 2000, New York: American Institute of Physics, 2001. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 576) (ISBN: 0-7354-0015-6)*

8. Fernow, R. C., ed., Pulsed RF Sources for Linear Colliders Workshop, Montauk, NY, October 2-7, 1994, New York: American Institute of Physics Press, 1995. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 337) (ISBN: 1563964082)*

9. King, B., ed., Colliders and Collider Physics at the Highest Energies: Muon Colliders at 10 TeV to 100 TeV: HEMC '99 Workshop, Montauk, NY, Sept. 27- Oct. 1, 1999, New York: American Institute of Physics, 2000. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 530) (ISBN: 1-56396-953-X)

10. Lawson, W., et al., eds., Advanced Accelerator Concepts Workshop, Baltimore, MD, July 6-11, 1998, New York: American Institute of Physics, 1999. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 472) (ISBN: 1-56396-889-4)*

11. Luccio, A. and MacKay, W., eds., Proceedings of the 1999 Particle Accelerator Conference, New York, NY, March 27-April 2, 1999, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 1999. (ISBN: 0-7803-5575-X) (IEEE Catalogue No. 99CH36366)

12. Phillips, R. M., ed., High Energy Density Microwaves, Pajaro Dunes, CA, October 1998, New York: American Institute of Physics, 1999. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 474) (ISBN: 1-56396-796-0)*

13. Schoessow, P., ed., Advanced Accelerator Concepts Workshop, Fontana, WI, June 12-18, 1994, New York: American Institute of Physics, 1995. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 335) (ISBN: 1-56396-476-7)*

* Available from Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. Telephone: 800-777-4643. Website: http://www.springer-ny.com

46. HIGH-FIELD SUPERCONDUCTOR AND SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNET TECHNOLOGIES FOR HIGH ENERGY PARTICLE COLLIDERS

The Department of Energy High Energy Physics program supports a broad research and development (R&D) effort in the science, engineering, and technology of charged particle accelerators, storage rings, and associated apparatus. Advanced R&D is needed in support of this research in (1) high-field superconductor and (2) superconducting magnet technologies. This topic addresses only those superconductor and superconducting magnet development technologies that support dipoles, quadrupoles, and higher order multipole corrector magnets for use in accelerators, storage rings, and charged particle beam transport systems. Grant applications that propose the use of third party resources (such as a DOE laboratory) must include in the application a letter of certification from an authorized official of that organization. Grant applications are sought only in the following subtopics:

a. High-Field Superconductor Technology—Grant applications are sought for new or improved materials and related processing techniques for high critical-current, high critical-field conductors for the production of low alternating current (AC) loss conductors used in very high-field magnets. Grant applications for the improvement of starting raw materials are of particular interest. While improvements are sought for magnets above 8 Tesla, the engineering goal for the near future (7 to 10 years) is at least 15 Tesla. Applications must demonstrate such property improvements as higher critical-current densities and higher critical fields, as well as manageable degradation of these properties as a function of applied strain. Vacuum requirements in accelerators and storage rings favor operating temperatures below 20 K. Process improvements must result in equivalent performance at reduced cost. Advanced conductor fabrication techniques of interest also include methods to utilize high aspect ratio stranded conductors or tape geometries in particle accelerator applications. Materials of interest include: niobium-titanium, ternary niobium-titanium alloys, the so-called "A-15" compounds (e.g., niobium-tin and niobium-aluminum), and oxide (high temperature) superconductors. Regarding oxide superconductors, a minimum current density of 1200 A/mm² (not cm²) in the superconductor itself and a minimum current density of 250 A/mm² over a total conductor cross section, at 12 Tesla minimum and 4.2 K, must be achieved. Grant applications that address the development of A-15 and oxide superconductors must deliver a sufficient amount of material to for winding and testing in small dipole or quadrupole magnets.

Because high performance niobium-titanium (NbTi) alloys operating above 8 Tesla appear to be required for focusing quadrupole magnets or for "low field" graded windings in higher field dipoles, grant applications are sought for NbTi composite superconductors with properties optimized at the higher field portion of the short sample curve. These grant applications must focus on conductors that will be acceptable for accelerator magnets.

Lastly, grant applications are sought for innovative insulating materials which would enable employment of new superconductors, such as the A-15 or oxide types, in practical devices. Insulating materials must be compatible with high temperature reactions in the 750-900^oC range and must be capable of supporting high mechanical loads at cryogenic temperatures.

b. Superconducting Magnet Technology—Grant applications are sought to develop: (1) improved instrumentation to measure properties (such as local strain, temperature, and magnetic field) which are directly applicable to the testing of superconducting magnets; (2) improved current leads based on high-temperature superconductors for application to high-field accelerator magnets, which have requirements that include current level at 5 kA or greater, stability, low heat leak, and good quench performance; (3) alternative designs, to traditional "cosine theta" dipole and "cosine two-theta" quadrupole magnets, that may be more compatible with the more fragile A-15 and the oxide, high-field superconductors; or (4) designs for bent (e.g., bending radius in the range 0.75 to 1.25m) solenoids (e.g., 2 T, 30 cm inside diameter) with superimposed dipole fields (e.g., 1 T) for dispersion generation in large emittance beams.

1. Breon, Susan, et al., eds., “Advances in Cryogenic Engineering Materials,” Proceedings of the Cryogenic Engineering Conference, Madison, Wisconsin, 2001, Vol. 47 A & B, New York: AIP, 2002. (ISBN: 0-7354-0059-8)

2. Cifarelli, L. and Maritato, L., eds., Superconducting Materials for High Energy Colliders: Proceedings of the 38th Workshop of the INFN Eloisatron Project, Erice, Italy, October 19-25, 1999, River Edge, NJ: World Scientific, 2001. (ISBN: 981-02-4319-7)

3. Duggan, J. L. and Morgan, I. L., eds., Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry: Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Conference on the Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry, Denton, TX, November 1-5, 2000, New York: American Institute of Physics, 2001. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 576) (ISBN: 0-7354-0015-6) (Available from Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. Telephone: 800-809-2247 Web site: http://www.springer-ny.com)